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  3. Still more complex forms of realistic thinking seem to occur when tasks are presented in which the goal is impossible(or very di

Still more complex forms of realistic thinking seem to occur when tasks are presented in which the goal is impossible(or very di

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问题     Still more complex forms of realistic thinking seem to occur when tasks are presented in which the goal is impossible(or very difficult)to achieve directly. 【F1】In such situations, people commonly appear to pass through intermediate stages of exploring and organizing their resources; indeed, one may first need to exert himself in understanding the problem itself before he can begin to seek possible directions toward a solution.【F2】Familiar examples of problem-solving tasks include anagrams(e. g. , rearrange "lpepa" to spell "apple"); mathematical problems; mechanical puzzles; verbal "brain teasers"(e. g. , is it legal for a man to marry his widow’s sister?); and, in a more practical sense, design and construction problems. Also of interest are issues of human relations, games, and questions pertinent to economics and politics.
    Problem-solving activity falls broadly into two categories: one emphasizes simple trial and error; the other requires some degree of insight.【F3】In trial and error, the individual proceeds mainly by exploring and manipulating elements of the problem situation in an effort to sort out possibilities and to run across steps that might carry him closer to the goal. This behaviour is most likely to be observed when the problem solver lacks advance knowledge about the character of the solution, or when no single rule seems to underlie the solution. Trial-anderror activity is not necessarily overt(as in one’s observable attempts to fit together the pieces of a mechanical puzzle); it may be implicit or vicarious as well, the individual reflecting on the task and symbolically testing possibilities by thinking about them.
    In striving toward insight, a person tends to exhibit a strong orientation toward understanding principles that might bear on the solution sought. The person actively considers what is required by the problem, noting how its elements seem to be interrelated, and seeks some rule that might lead directly to the goal.【F4】The insightful thinker is likely to centre on the problem to understand what is needed, to take the time to organize his resources, and to recentre on the problem(reinterpret the situation)in applying any principle that seems to hold promise.
    Direction and flexibility characterize insightful problem solving.【F5】The thinker directs or guides his steps toward solution according to some plan; he exhibits flexibility in his ability to modify or to adapt procedures as required by his plan and in altering the plan itself. Both characteristics are influenced by the thinker’s attitudes and by environmental conditions.
【F2】
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答案有些任务就需要解决问题的能力。常见的例子有：拼字游戏(如，把“lpepa”重新排列成“apple”)；数学问题；机械性难题；口头“脑筋急转弯”游戏(如：一个男人娶他的寡妇的妹妹为妻，合法吗?)；还有更具实际意义的问题，如设计和建筑。
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