2. 外语
  3. 1　　How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known conventions, or at lea

1　　How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known conventions, or at lea

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问题 1　　How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known conventions, or at least on the beginnings of these. If the common language and the conventions exist, the contributor, for example, the creative artist, the performer, or the reporter, tries to use them as well as he can. But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing his precise meaning. In literature, in music, in the visual arts, in the sciences, in social thinking, in philosophy, this kind of development has occurred again and again. It often takes a long time to get through, and for many people it will remain difficult. But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle to say new things in new ways, he is usually more than ever concentrated on the actual work, and not on its possible audience. Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received. They may be glad if it is understood and appreciated, hurt if it is not, but while the work is being done there can be no argument. The thing has to come out as the man himself sees it.
2　　In this sense it is true that it is the duty of society to create conditions in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individual contribution, the general body of work is of immense value to everyone. But of course things are not so formal, in reality. There is not society on the one hand and these individuals on the other. In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them. His ability to make his work public depends on the actual communication system the language itself, or certain visual or musical or scientific conventions and the institutions through which the communication will be passed. The effect of these on his actual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it is not only a communication system outside him. it is also, however original he may he, a communication system which is in fact part of himself. Many contributors make active use of this kind of internal communication system. It is to themselves, in a way, that they first show their conceptions, play their music, present their arguments. Not only as a way of getting these clear, in the process of almost endless testing that active composition involves. But also, whether consciously or not, as a way of putting the experience into a communicable form. If one mind has grasped it, then it may be open to other minds.
3　　In this deep sense, the society is in some ways already present in the act of composition. This is always very difficult to understand, but often, when we have the advantage of looking back at a period, we can see, even if we cannot explain, how this was so. We can see how much even highly original individuals had in common, in their actual work, and in what is called their "structure of feeling", with other individual workers of the time, and with the society of that time to which they belonged. The historian is also continually struck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when in reality they were beginning to get through. This can also be noticed in our own time, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isolated and even rejected. The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure.
选项 A、depending on shared conventions.
B、fashioning their own conventions.
C、adjusting their personal feelings.
D、elaborating a common language.
答案B
解析     <1>...the problem is in one way that of creating a language，or creating a convention，or at least of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing his precise meaning．此句中的that代替的是problem。可译为：在一定程度上其情况是，那些具有独创性的艺术家和思想家是创造一种语言，或创造一种惯例，或至少是将现有语言和惯例进行拓展或丰富，从而能够承载其精确的意思。
    <2>this kind of development指的是the developing of the language and conventions，即对大家共同使用的语言和普遍遵循的惯例进行拓展或丰富。
    <3>get through被人理解
    <4>more than ever比任何时候
    <5>receive接受，理解
    <6>The thing has to come out as the man himself sees it．其结果必须符合他本人的想法。
    <7>But of course things are not so formal，in reality．There is not society on the one hand and these individuals on the other．但事实上，情况当然不会如此程式化。并不是一边是社会，另一边是那些个人。这里的意思是说社会与个人并不是截然对立或分开的。
    <8>internal communication system指带有贡献者个性的一种交际系统。
    <9>It is to themselves，in a way，that they first show their conceptions，play their music，present their arguments．Not only as a way of getting these clear，in the process of almost endless testing that active composition involves．But also，whether consciously or not，as a way of putting the experience into a communicable form．第1句是一个强调句，其常规表示方式是they first show their conceptions，play their music，present their arguments to themselves，in away。第2句和第3句皆为省略句，二者之间是并列关系，由not only...but also来引导，分开表述是为了取得强调效果。这两个省略句实则用来修饰前一句中的谓语成分，即三个并列的动词短句。合在一起可译为：他们首先是向自己(而不是别人)展示自己的构想，演奏自己的音乐，提出自己的论点。这样做，不仅是为了在几乎无尽的实验(这是主动创作所必须的)过程中表明这一切，而且是为了(不管意识到没有)用可以沟通的形式表达那种感受。
    <10>structure of feeling情感构成
    <11>The society and the communication are there，but it is difficult to recognize them， difficult to be sure．此句交待为什么一些最有影响的人反而会感到孤独或被遗弃。此句可译为：虽然社会和交流就在身边，但却难以认同他们(指感到孤独的那些有影响的人)，而且对他们也没有把握。

本题为细节理解题。在第l段中，作者指出，那些富有独创性的艺术家和思想家们不是尽量充分地运用共同的语言和遵循大家接受的惯例，而是创造一种语言，或创造一种惯例，或至少对现有语言和惯例进行拓展或丰富以便能精确表达其意思。根据这一点，我们可以确定B。A显然不符；fashion表示“制造”、“设计”。那些艺术家和思想家往往会设计或制造出自己的惯例以传达其思想，故符合原文。文章中并没有提到那些富有创造性的艺术家和思想家调整自己个人情感问题，故与原文不相关。elaborate表示“精心制作，详尽阐述”，elaborate a common language即为“精心制作一门共同语言”或“详尽阐述一门共同语言”，显然与文章大意不符。
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