2. 外语
  3. How generous is an ape? This generosity may have been【C1】______ to the survival of our early ancestors【C2】______ lived in small

How generous is an ape? This generosity may have been【C1】______ to the survival of our early ancestors【C2】______ lived in small

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问题    How generous is an ape? This generosity may have been【C1】______ to the survival of our early ancestors【C2】______ lived in small bands of hunter-gatherers. Dr. Krupenye and his colleagues tested the generosity of bonobos.
   The researchers designed an experiment that could provide strong evidence that bonobos could give things to each other simply【C3】______ generosity — rather than being pressured into doing so, or expecting some sort of immediate payback. For their experiment, the researchers【C4】______ advantage of the fact【C5】______ the Lola Ya Bonobo apes have learned to crack open palm nuts with rocks. 【C6】______ a rock, they have to gnaw on the nuts for a long time to get them out of their shell. The scientists put one bonobo in a cage with five nuts. In an adjacent cage, a【C7】______ bonobo — a stranger to the first one — had two rocks but no nuts. The cages were connected by a window. The bonobos were free to bring gifts to the window【C8】______ to each other — or to ignore their【C9】______. The researchers found that the bonobos with the nuts proved generous. In 18 percent of the trials, the bonobos with the nuts handed one through the window to their neighbor, a rate that showed their【C10】______ to give food to others. But the bonobos in the other cage almost【C11】______ returned the favor. They refused to pass one of their rocks through the window.
   In【C12】______ experiment, Dr. Krupenye experienced their【C13】______ of generosity firsthand. Each bonobo would sit in a cage, with a mesh wall【C14】______ in front of the door to the hallway. A colleague would【C15】______ a stick into the cage near the bonobo and leave. Then Dr. Krupenye would come to the doorway and beg for the stick. He would reach【C16】______ his arm, plaintively calling the bonobo’s name. The bonobos almost never handed Dr. Krupenye the stick. In fact, sometimes they seemed to tease him. "They will put it through the mesh a little bit and then pull it back when I’m trying to reach for it, " said Dr. Krupenye.
   The work of Dr. Krupenye and others makes【C17】______ clear that humans aren’t unique in their generosity. It’s possible that our common ancestor with bonobos and chimpanzees was already prosocial, at least【C18】______ a limited extent. This versatility may have【C19】______ early in our lineage, producing traits that encouraged more sharing. It leads【C20】______ to have generous inclinations without any coaching.
【C1】
选项 A、special
B、extraordinary
C、extreme
D、crucial
答案D
解析 special为“特殊的”；extraordinary为“非凡的、特别的”；extreme为“极其的、非常的”；crucial为“关键的、决定性的”。这句话的意思是：对于那些依靠狩猎和采摘生活的早期祖先来说，慷慨大方对他们的生存至关重要。答案为D。
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