首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1)Daylight saving time(DST)is the convention of advancing clocks so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less.
(1)Daylight saving time(DST)is the convention of advancing clocks so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less.
admin
2016-11-03
41
问题
(1)Daylight saving time(DST)is the convention of advancing clocks so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less. Typically clocks are adjusted forward one hour near the start of spring and are adjusted backward in autumn. Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 by William Willett. Many countries have used it since then; details vary by location and change occasionally.
(2)General agreement about the day’s layout confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule usually outranks efforts to get up earlier, even for people who personally dislike the DST schedule. The practice is mixed blessing, however.
(3)For instance, retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. As the 1984 Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers and others whose hours are set by the sun. For example, grain harvesting is best done after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. DST also hurts prime-time broadcast ratings and drive-in and other theaters.
(4)Clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency. In 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on U.S. stock exchanges. Clock shifts and DST rule changes have a direct economic cost, since they entail extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion.
(5)Extra afternoon daylight is said to reduce traffic fatalities. In 1975 the U.S. DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction to be 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time(SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. A correlation between clock shifts and accidents has been observed in North America but not in Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in fatalities.
(6)However, the effect of DST on crime is less clear. In the 1970s the U.S. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration(LEAA)found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.’s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.
(7)DST also has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one’s location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. Sunlight strongly influences seasonal affective disorder. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for U.S. DST extensions, but DST can hurt night blindness sufferers.
(8)Clock shifts disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005.
(9)Although the DST increases opportunities for outdoor leisure activities during afternoon sunlight hours, obviously it does not change the length of the day; the longer days nearer the summer solstice in high latitudes merely offer more room to shift apparent daylight from morning to evening. And the DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker: workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark.
What kind of writing does the passage belong to?
选项
A、Persuasion.
B、Description.
C、Expository.
D、Narration.
答案
C
解析
文中作者未表达他对本文主题的立场和观点,也未涉及到对夏令时制的具体描述,更没有情节性的叙述,而是客观地介绍了夏令时对社会生活各个方面的影响。因此,本文是说明文,选C。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/swFYFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Manypeoplefeelthathumanbeingsshouldberesponsibleforthedisappearanceofsomeotheranimalspecies.Itistruewemay【M
WhichofthefollowingitemdoesNOTbelongtotheallomorphsofthemorpheme{-ed}?
ScientistshavelongbeeninterestedinhowthedeafprocesssignedlanguagesinthebraiaUnderstandingthatactivitycouldsh
ScientistshavelongbeeninterestedinhowthedeafprocesssignedlanguagesinthebraiaUnderstandingthatactivitycouldsh
WhichofthefollowingnewspapersbelongstoAustralia?
ThetwomajornationalpartiesinAmericaaretheDemocraticPartyand
Talkischeapwhenitcomestosolvingtheproblemoftoo-big-to-failbanks.Fromtheluxuryofeventoday’sstutteringeconomic
Unlikeanearthquake,ademographicdisasterdoesnotstrikewithoutwarning.Japan’spopulationof127mispredictedtofallto
"Iwanttocriticizethesocialsystem,andtoshowitatwork,atitsmostintense."VirginiaWoolf’sprovocativestatementabo
Afarcryfromthepiratesandprincessesoftoday,costumesduringHalloween’sprecursorcenturiesagoincludedanimalskinsan
随机试题
A、120~150KvB、90~100kVC、50~70kVD、20~35kVE、10~20kV产生的X线波长最短的是
高温作业的主要类型有
患者男,68岁,输液过程中突然出现呼吸困难、胸闷、气促、咳粉红色泡沫样痰。听诊肺部闻及湿哕音,心率快,心律不齐。下列护理措施中,哪项不妥
某市区一项重点工程,采用工程量清单方式公开招标。经资审后确定的合格投标人名单包括A、B、C、D、E5家资信和能力俱佳的施工企业。各投标人按技术标、商务标分别装订报送投标文件。评标委员会由7人组成,采用综合评估法,评标指标与评分规则如下。1.评标指标
高某于2007年与A期货公司开户,一日,看到大豆期货可能赚钱,于是下达交易指令,买入50手11月份的大豆合约,下单员甲当日按市价买入50手11月份的大豆合约;第二天,高某又下达交易指令,卖出50手11月份的大豆合约,下单员乙便按市价卖出50手11月份的大豆
某校四年级的一个班,是学校有名的乱班,打架成风,一些学生动辄舞棍弄棒,乱打一气,课堂纪律混乱,上课怪叫起哄、爬桌子、翻窗户成了一些学生的嗜好。曾有一青年教师上课时被学生乱起哄气哭了,发誓再也不上这班的课。曾刚就是这个班上有名的调皮大王,打架时,只要他一挥手
教育对政治经济制度的影响作用是通过()实现的。
在一次救灾扶贫中,给贫困户发放米粮,如果每个家庭发50公斤,多230公斤。如果每个家庭发60公斤,则少50公斤。问这批粮食共()公斤。
下列行为中,可引起不当得利之债的是()。
Tomorrowafamousprofessorwillbeinvited(give)______usaspeechonhowtolearnEnglishwell.
最新回复
(
0
)