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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

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问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知 学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to______.
选项 A、ways to develop economy
B、systems of rewarding students
C、approaches to solving problems
D、methods of improving performance
答案B
解析 本题是一道词语含义类问题。问第五段第一句话中的token economies可能是指什么。仔细阅读上下文，本题的提示就在紧随其后的in which从句中。整个从句的意思是，采用这种办法时，学生一定要动脑筋才能解决问题，同时根据付出的努力大小得到一定的分数直到获得宝贵的奖赏。由此我们可以推断出token economies应是“奖励、奖赏”的意思。因此，本题的正确答案应是B“奖励学生的制度”。
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