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  3. It has long been recognized that the immigrant generation often arrives in a new land as pioneers with dreams of making a better

It has long been recognized that the immigrant generation often arrives in a new land as pioneers with dreams of making a better

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问题     It has long been recognized that the immigrant generation often arrives in a new land as pioneers with dreams of making a better life for themselves as well as for their children. The objectives of the first generation are relatively clear:get a job, earn money, learn a new language, if possible, offer an education to the children, and in general improve their lot in life. Family reunification is another powerful motive driving many new arrivals. Some new immigrants, perhaps more than the current anti-immigration lobby may realize, often wish eventually to return home to settle there once financial considerations allow it.
    The obvious difficulties that most immigrants face include language inadequacies, a general unfamiliarity with the customs and expectations of the new country(what anthropologists refer to as "cultural discontinuities"), limited economic opportunities, poor housing conditions, discrimination, xenophobia, and what psychologists term the "stresses of acculturation".
    Despite these obstacles, in many cases, immigrants experience their lot as being better than it was in their country of origin. Because of a perception of relative material improvement, many immigrants may fail to internalize the anti-immigrant negative attitudes of the host country toward them, maintaining their country of origin as a point of reference. In addition, recent immigrants commonly view and experience their current lot not in terms of the ideals and expectations of the majority society but rather in terms of the ideals and expectations of the "old culture".
    This is part of an interesting orientation that has been termed "the immigrant’s dual frame of reference". The Suarez-Orozcos have noticed immigrants are constantly comparing and contrasting their current lot in the host society against their experiences, opportunities, and expectations in the country of origin. During the earliest phases of immigration, the new arrivals may come to realize the new country as a land of unlimited opportunities, concentrating on the negative aspects of life in the land left behind. The second generation, in contrast, cannot compare their own current experiences to previous experiences of relative deprivation. Instead, their standard of assessment may be the host culture’s affluent ideals(often represented in television and films)which they are likely to find themselves lacking. From the second generation’s perspective, their lot in life has decidedly not improved.
    Researchers have suggested that socio-cultural and socio-economic factors, as well as overcrowded and poorly staffed schools, seem to lead to many accultural immigrant students eventually to develop ambivalent attitudes toward schools and the value of education. In addition, we argue, ongoing discrimination and disparagement specially targeted to "unwanted" new immigrants is particularly destructive. Last, when learning and success in an institution of the dominant culture—that is, the school—come to be experienced as an act of ethnic betrayal, signifying a wish to "be white", learning may become a problem to some ethnic and immigrant minority students. As a consequence, a high drop-out rate continues to be a severe problem in some communities of minority immigrant children.
The term "the immigrant’s dual frame of reference, "(Para. 4)refers to______.
选项 A、immigrants’ different standards of examining their life experiences
B、immigrants’ rosy expectations of life and their sad memory of the past life
C、the dilemmas of both the first and the second generations of immigrants
D、the contrast between the immigrant’s material success and their pursuit of ideals
答案A
解析 第四段的术语the immigrant’s dual frame of reference是指移民考查自己生活经历的不同标准。根据第四段第二句，移民不断地将他们在主流社会目前的命运同他们在原住地的经历、机遇和期望值进行比照。
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