2. 外语
  3. Because some resources must be allocated at the national level, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes

Because some resources must be allocated at the national level, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes

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问题    Because some resources must be allocated at the national level, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes of our society. The Federal budget determines the proportion of Federal resources to be invested in social welfare programs and how these resources are distributed among competing programs. This budget is arrived at through a reiterative aggregative political process which mediates the claims of groups interested in health, education, welfare, and so on, thus socializing the continuing conflict generated by their separate aspirations, the test of whether it can marshal sufficient legitimacy and consent to provide a basis for cohesion and action. Technical criteria may play a role in the process, but the ultimate criteria are political and social.
   Whether a policy, which is "good" in the aggregate sense, is also "good" for a particular person, however, is a different matter. If everyone had identical attributes, these criteria will always produce different outcomes. Any policy negotiated to attain an aggregate correctness will be wrong for every individual to whom the policy applies. The less a person conforms to the aggregate, the more wrong it will be.
   When a policy is not working, we normally assume that the policy is right in form but wrong in content. It has failed because insufficient intelligence has informed its construction or insufficient energy its implementation. We proceed to replace the old policy by a new one of: the same form. This buys time, since some time must elapse before the new policy can fully display the same set of symptoms of failure as the old. We thus continue to invest our time, energy, and other resources as if every new discovery of a nonworking policy is surprise, and a surprise that can be corrected with some reorganized model. But if policies based on complex, aggregated information are always wrong with respect to the preferences of every person to whom they apply, we should concentrate on limiting such policies to minima or "floors." Rather than trying for better policies, we should try for fewer policies or more limited aggregated ones. Such limitations could be designed to produce policies as spare and minimal as possible, for the resources not consumed in their operation would then be usable in a non-aggregative and person-specific ways--that is, in a disaggregated fashion. This will require more than just strengthened "local" capacity; it will require the development of new procedures, institutions, roles, and expectations.
According to the passage, the test of whether a policy is successful in the aggregate sense is whether or not it______.
选项 A、applies to a large number of people.
B、satisfies the needs of the people to whom it applies
C、appeals to a sufficiently large number of people
D、can be revised periodically in response to changing conditions
答案C
解析 细节题。在第一段中，作者说到衡量一个aggregative policy是否成功完全是由political及social两个方面决定的。也就是说一个good政策要由公众的支持与否来决定，这样，C就是最好的答案。A是错误的，因为它说的是aggregative policy的定义而不是去衡量其好坏。B是错的，它仅是从个人的观点去衡量一个政策的价值。最后，D也是错的，虽然作者说到aggregative policies常常有变，但这是想让政策有效的无用功。如果一个政策修改后符合个人的情况，那就不是一个aggregative policy了。
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