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  3. American Folk Art What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday "folks" who, with increasi

American Folk Art What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday "folks" who, with increasi

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问题    American Folk Art
   What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday "folks" who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics — whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans — have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained an increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.
   The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England — especially Connecticut and Massachusetts — for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Midway through its first century2 as a nation, the United States’ population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen. During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.
   But in the heyday of portrait painting — from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s — anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist3 was called. Local craftspeople — sign, coach, and house painters — began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvasses, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.
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答案 美国民间艺术 我们所说的美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增，他们创造了各种艺术的市场，特别是肖像绘画。家境殷实的、主要是中产阶级的市民——不管他们是古罗马人，或是17世纪荷兰自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世纪的美国人——都对肖像绘画艺术表现出突出的爱好。从18世纪晚期开始，美国这一群体的数量不断增加，而且满足画像要求的艺术家也不断地增加。 勿需惊奇，美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和麻萨诸塞州——因为这一地区富裕，人口稠密，而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。1776年《独立宣言》宣布后的几十年中，人口不断西徙，在纽约州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利诺伊州、密苏里州，人们随处可见肖像画师绘画的身影。美国独立后50年间，人口增加了近五倍，原先13个州又增加了11个。在这些岁月里，肖像绘画的需求不断增长，直到有了照相机才算得到满足。1839年银版照相法传人美国，摄影时代开始，而且在不超过一代人的时间内，手工画像就不再风靡了。从此，人物画像又成了奢侈品——有钱人提出绘画要求，专业画家来完成绘画。 但是在肖像绘画的全盛时期——从18世纪晚期到19世纪50年代——任何有一点艺术才能的人都可以成为“画家”，当时的肖像画师就是这么被人称呼的。当地艺人——标牌、马车、房屋的画师——也开始画人物肖像作为一个赚钱的副业。有时候有绘画天赋的男子或妇女一开始只给家庭成员勾勒画像，很快在当地声誉鹊起，然后很多人前来要求画像；艺术家们发现，他们收拾起颜料、画布、画笔去各地巡游，既做房屋装饰又画人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。
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