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  3. Accounts of debilitating fear after trauma date back to the Trojan wars. In the 19th century survivors of train crashes were dia

Accounts of debilitating fear after trauma date back to the Trojan wars. In the 19th century survivors of train crashes were dia

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问题    Accounts of debilitating fear after trauma date back to the Trojan wars. In the 19th century survivors of train crashes were diagnosed with "railway spine" because doctors thought their hysteria was caused by compression of the backbone. In the First World War it was known as shell shock, soldier’s heart or battle fatigue. Not until soldiers returned from the Vietnam war with the same symptoms of hyper-vigilance, flashbacks and nightmares was the disorder truly taken seriously. In 1980 an umbrella term was coined: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
   PTSD is more common after repeated traumas than after a one-off; it is also more likely to emerge if the perpetrator is known to the victim. 【R1】__________Women are twice as likely as men to suffer, partly because domestic violence is a common cause of repeated trauma and because women are at much greater risk of sexual assault, which is particularly likely to cause PTSD.
   Sufferers are at much higher risk of developing other health problems, including diabetes, heart ailments, depression and addiction. They are also much more likely to be out of work, have marital problems or become teenage parents. 【R2】__________
   Neural research is helping to reveal how people get stuck in a state of fear. 【R3】__________In someone with PTSD the filters struggle to distinguish between real threats and those that can safely be ignored.
   The brain of a healthy person given cause to panic will tell the body to activate various reactions, including releasing adrenalin. A person’s heart rate will increase and they will have a strong urge to fight or flee. Once back to safety, symptoms subside and all that remains is a bad memory. 【R4】__________
   The more often people receive such reminders without suffering a disaster, the more likely the fear is to dissipate—which is why it is important not to hide away after a trauma. When this mechanism fails, the result is PTSD.
   Treatments mostly aim to retrain the brain’s fear response. Many patients are given cognitive therapy, which teaches them to think differently about what happened and trains them to cope with triggers. Debra Kaysen of the University of Washington says severe symptoms recede in about four out of five patients following a dozen or so sessions. Other patients are given exposure therapy, in which they are confronted with the feared stimuli. 【R5】__________
   [A] These new treatments for PTSD will take longer to develop than hoped, but acceptance of PTSD’s inherently physical nature could encourage sufferers to seek help earlier.
   [B] Trauma in early childhood, when the brain is still learning about the world and what should be feared, makes people more vulnerable in later life. So children abused by family members are at high risk of developing PTSD.
   [C] Adults may be asked to describe a traumatic event in excruciating detail until it loses its potency; young children might play out what happened with toys. Virtual-reality simulations have been used on soldiers.
   [D] The amygdalae, a pair of almond-sized regions deep in the brain, are the main orchestrators of fear, reading incoming signals such as smells and sounds and sending messages to other bits of the brain, which filter the signals before reacting.
   [E] A woman assaulted in a noisy bar may react fearfully to the sound of clinking glasses for a few weeks, but over time, in what is called "fear extinction", the positive association of celebrating with friends will outweigh negative ones.
   [F] A soldier returning from war may continue to freeze and have debilitating flashbacks when anything reminds him of combat. One ex-soldier tells of "freaking out" every time his wife baked: it turned out that the smell of almonds evoked Semtex, an explosive.
   [G] As with other mental illnesses, they often have to bear the additional grief of their condition being dismissed as a character failing or at least less real than a physical illness.
【R4】
选项
答案E
解析 空格前讲述健康的人感到恐惧时的反应以及这些反应的消退情况。空格后指出越是经常接收到这样的信号，而没有真的受到伤害，恐惧感就越容易消散；其中，such reminders说明空格处提到了其指代对象。E是对空格前论述的举例，紧扣了前文内容；其中，fear extinction分别对应了空格前的symptoms subside和空格后的fear is to dissipate，而the sound of clinking glasses则是空格后such reminders的指代对象。故本题选E。
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