首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Factors for Stress and Anxiety At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situation
Factors for Stress and Anxiety At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situation
admin
2013-07-30
50
问题
Factors for Stress and Anxiety
At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situations that overwhelm their natural coping mechanisms. In one poll, 89% of respondents indicated that they had experienced serious stress in their lives. Some people are simply biologically prone to stress. Factors leading to stress and anxiety mainly are as follows:
Risk Factors
Conditions that are most likely to be associated with stress and negative physical effects include the following:
An accumulation of persistent stressful situations, particularly those that a person cannot easily control(for example, high-pressured work plus an unhappy relationship).
Persistent stress following a severe acute response to a stabbing event(such as an automobile accident).
Acute stress accompanying serious illness, such as heart disease.
People respond to stress differently, depending on different factors:
Early nurturing: Abusive behavior towards children may cause long-term abnormalities(反常)in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, which regulates stress.
Personality traits: Certain people have personality traits that cause them to over-respond to stressful events.
Genetic factors: Some people have genetic factors that affect stress, such as having a more or less efficient relaxation response. One study found a genetic abnormality in serotonin(血清素)regulation that was connected with a heightened reaction of heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress.(Serotonin is a brain chemical involved with feelings of well-being.)
Immune-regulated diseases: Certain diseases that are associated with immune abnormalities such as rheumatoid arthritis(类风湿性关节炎)may actually weaken a response to stress.
The length and quality of stressors: Naturally, the longer the duration and the more intense the stressors, the more harmful the effects.
Childhood Factors
Children are frequent victims of stress because they are often unable to communicate their feelings accurately. They also have trouble communicating their responses to events over which they have no control. Certain physical symptoms, notably repeated abdominal pain without a known cause, may be indicators of stress in children. Various conditions can affect their susceptibility to stress.
Parental stress, especially in mothers, is a particularly powerful source of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Young children of mothers who are highly stressed(particularly if they were depressed)tend to be at high risk for developing stress-related problems. This may be especially true if the mothers were stressed during both the child’s infancy and early years. Some evidence even supports the old idea that stress during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the infant’s mood and behavior. Older children with stressed mothers may become aggressive and anti-social. Another study suggested that stress-reduction techniques in parents may improve their children’s behavior.
Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, but the source and effects may differ. Girls tend to become stressed from interpersonal situations, and stress is more likely to lead to depression in girls than in boys. For boys, however, specific events, such as changing schools or getting poor grades, appear to be the major sources of stress.
Work and Stress
In a study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were 147% higher in workers who were stressed or depressed than in others who were not. Furthermore, according to one survey, 40% of American workers describe their jobs as very stressful, making job-related stress an important and preventable health hazard.
Several studies are now suggesting that job-related stress is as great a threat to health as smoking or not exercising. Stress impairs concentration, causes sleeplessness, and increases the risk for illness, back problems, accidents, and lost time from work. Work stress can lead to harassment or even violence while on the job. At its most extreme, chronic stress places a burden on the heart and circulation that in some cases may be fatal. The Japanese even have a word for sudden death due to overwork, karoushi.
Many institutions within the current culture, while paying lip service to stress reduction, put intense pressure on individuals to behave in ways that increase tension. Yet, there are numerous effective management tools and techniques available to reduce stress. Furthermore, treatment for work-related stress has proven benefits for both the employee and employer. In one study, at the end of 2 years, a company that instituted a stress management program saved nearly $ 150,000 in workers compensations costs(the cost of the program was only $6,000). Other studies have reported specific health benefits resulting from workplace stress-management programs. In one of the studies, workers with hypertension experienced reduced blood pressure after even a brief(16-hour)program that helped them manage stress behaviorally.
In general, however, few workplaces offer stress management programs, and it is usually up to the employees to find their own ways to reduce stress. Here are some suggestions:
Seek out someone in the Human Resources department or a sympathetic manager and communicate concerns about job stress. Work with them in a non-confrontational way to improve working conditions, letting them know that productivity can be improved if some of the pressure is off.
Establish or reinforce a network of friends at work and at home.
Restructure priorities and eliminate unnecessary tasks.
Learn to focus on positive outcomes.
If the job is unendurable, plan and execute a career change. Send out resumes or work on getting a transfer within the company.
If this isn’t possible, be sure to schedule daily pleasant activities and physical exercise during free time.
It may be helpful to keep in mind that bosses are also victimized by the same stressful conditions they are imposing. For example, in one study of male managers in three Swedish companies, those who worked in a bureaucracy had greater stress-related heart risks than those who worked in companies with social supports.
Caregiving
Studies show that caregivers of physically or mentally disabled family members are at risk for chronic stress. One study reported that overall mortality rates were over 60% higher in caregivers who were under constant stress. Spouses caring for a disabled partner are particularly vulnerable to a range of stress-related health threats, including influenza, depression, heart disease, and even poorer survival rates. Caring for a spouse with even minor disabilities can induce severe stress.
Intervention programs that are aimed at helping the caregiver approach the situation positively can reduce stress, and help the caregiver maintain a positive attitude. A 2002 program also demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise was very helpful in reducing stress and improving sleep in caregivers.
Caregiving among the health professionals is also a high risk factor for stress. One study, for example, found that registered nurses with low job control, high job demands, and low work-related social support experienced very dramatic health declines, both physically and emotionally.
Anxiety Disorders
People who are less emotionally stable or have high anxiety levels tend to experience specific events as more stressful than others. Some doctors describe an exaggerated negative response to stress as treating the event as a catastrophe. Nevertheless, a 2003 study of patients with anxiety disorder did not find any differences in actual physical response to stress(heart rate, blood pressure, release of stress hormones)compared to people without anxiety.
Lacking a Social Network
The lack of an established network of family and friends predisposes(使预先有倾向)one to stress disorders and stress-related health problems, including heart disease and infections. A study, meanwhile, reported that older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children are buffered against the adverse health effects of chronic stress-inducing situations, such as low-income or lower-social class. Another study suggested this may be because people who live alone are unable to discuss negative feelings as a means to relieve their stress.
Studies of people who remain happy and healthy despite many life stresses conclude that most have very good networks of social support. One study indicated that support even from strangers reduced blood pressure surges in people undergoing a stressful event. Many studies suggest that having a pet helps reduce medical problems aggravated by stress, including heart disease and high blood pressure.
Older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children have less stress because they have someone to______.
选项
答案
discuss negative feelings
解析
该段第二句中提到,与成年子女保持良好关系的老年人压力比较小。第三句中介绍了上句现象的原因(this may be because…):独处的人们无法讨论负面的感觉(are unable to discuss negative feelings),也就无法使用这种方式来减压。反推可知,压力较小的与子女关系好的老年人自然是有人来讨论这些负面的感觉,故答案为discuss negative feelings。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/vbHFFFFM
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Thespeakersdon’tknowtheproblemswithMarkandTim.B、Theyaretalkingabouthowtomaketheirsonsliveahealthylife.C
DueAttentionShouldBeGiventoSpokenEnglish1.越来越多的学生忽视英语口语学习2.出现这种现象的原因和后果3.为了改变这种状况.我认为…
Sometwentyyearsago,theperformanceofgirlsandboysinclasswascompared.Boys【B1】_____betterinexams,sovarious【B2】___
A、Thedirectorprobablyisn’tabletomakeanexception.B、Thedirectorprobablywon’tseeher.C、Thedirectorusuallyisn’tver
Inthefirstparagraph,"Noifs,andsorbuts"probablymeans"______."FromthestorywemayinferthatTomdrovetothebeach
Ifyouthinkwomenstillgainmoreeconomicbenefitthanmendofrommarriage,youmaybelivinginthepast.Today,menarebett
A、Invarioustents.B、Inuniversitybuildings.C、Inahospital.D、Inanauditorium.A原文出现的theuniversityathleticfield并没有在选项中出现
A、Inalaboratory.B、Ataparty.C、Inasupermarket.D、Inagarden.D场景推断题。对话中女士首先提到了Thesetomatoes,然后接着说男士肯定给它们浇了很多水,施了很多肥;男士表示
Wearetoldthatundernocircumstances______(我们都不应该做违反人民意愿的事).
StudentsWithoutBordersAmericanstudentsabroadarehardlyrare:AreportbytheAmericanCouncilonEducationfoundthat
随机试题
女性,37岁,怀孕足月,因高龄孕妇和怀疑胎儿宫内窒息行剖宫产。术后安返病房,术后第2天患者感觉右下肢疼痛,医生建议卧床休息。第3日下午起床去厕所时突然摔倒,出现呼吸困难,意识丧失,经抢救无效死亡。该病例最有可能的死亡原因是
山羊群发病,尤以羔羊最严重,表现为呼吸极度困难,体温升高;急性死亡,病死率高。剖检见大叶性肺炎,肺脓肿;肠道炎症明显。链霉素治疗有效。【假设信息】若链霉素不能治愈,剖检发现为大叶性肺炎,胸腔大量积液,遇空气后很快凝结成胶冻状,则最可能混合感染的病原是(
图中所示多跨梁承受集中荷载,其M图为()。
根据《水利水电工程等级划分及洪水标准)(SL252—2017)规定,某水库设计灌溉面积为98万亩,则此水库的工程等别至少应为()等。
在融资租赁合同中,承租人占有租赁物期间,租赁物造成第三人的人身伤害或财产损害的,出租人应与承租人承担连带赔偿责任。()
某市利达汽车修配厂私自拼装一辆汽车,欲将其出售,但惧怕该行为被发现,便委托朋友汪某代为推销,答应事成后给一笔数目可观的好处费。汪某隐瞒汽车真相,与外市郊区农民吴某签订了买卖汽车合同,并收取人民币5万元。吴某接到汽车后,发现该车是私自组装的,便向利达汽车修配
设在(0,+∞)内f'(x)>0,f(0)=0,则曲线F(x)=x∫0xf(t)dt在(0,+∞)内为()
我国政治体制改革的总体要求是
[*]
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotsee,youmaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding—andth
最新回复
(
0
)