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  3. There is an ever-widening gap between black male college enrollees and their female and white counterparts, says the American Co

There is an ever-widening gap between black male college enrollees and their female and white counterparts, says the American Co

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问题     There is an ever-widening gap between black male college enrollees and their female and white counterparts, says the American Council on Education (ACE).
    Twenty years ago, according to ACE’s "Annual Status Report on Minorities in Higher Education," 30 percent of African American male high school graduates (ages 18 to 24) were enrolled in college, compared with 28 percent of same-age black females and 41 percent of white males. Now, some 37 percent of black men are enrolled, compared with 42 percent of African American women and 44. 5 percent of white males. So while there are more black males enrolling in college today than 20 years ago, other groups have outstripped them in enrolling and, even more importantly, in retention rates.
    The graduation rate of black men is lower than that of any group. Only 35 percent of black males enrollees graduated within six years from colleges in 1996, compared with 59 percent of white males, 46 percent of Hispanic men, 41 percent of American Indian males and 45 percent of the black women who entered the same year.
    Surveys and reports are hinting that the country’s educational apparatus is stacked against the black male. Fewer than one in five students of color have graduated from high school, have a set of college-prep courses on their high school transcripts and " demonstrate basic literacy" — the necessities for being "college ready. "
    Another glaring problem is that black males are disproportionately labeled as discipline and behavioral problems and fast tracked out of high schools through expulsions and suspensions. As if that’s not enough, says ACE’s William Harvey, there’s a virtual drying up of federal aid-to-education grant money coupled with jacked-up tuitions, which make it necessary for low-income students to assume an average $ 20,000 debt to finish a four-year curriculum.
    "For those in the lower economic category, the availability of financial aid determines who gets to go to college and who doesn’t," observes Harvey.
    Harvey points out that, over the years, federal funding has undergone a "complete reversal," from "a 70 percent to 30 percent grant-to-loan ratio 20 years ago" to the exact opposite today. "An 18-year-old male will be more inclined to say, I want money in my pocket now’ and attempt to get a job," adds Harvey. "But many take on the debt, become part-time students, work 20-plus hours a week and become five-year students at a four-year college. "
    The inequity of that educational apparatus is especially clear when you look at the black males who persevere — those who go on to finish high school, earn a bachelor’s degree and even finish grad school.
    A recently released Census report shows that, whether they have a high school diploma or a master’s degree, black men will earn roughly 25 percent less than Whites.
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答案 美国教育委员会报告，美国黑人男性的大学入学率与黑人女性及白人男性的大学入学率之间出现了越来越大的差距。 根据美国教育委员会关于高校少数民族学生状况年度报告，20年前，30％的男性黑人中学毕业生(18—24岁)进入大学，与此相比，同龄女性黑人是28％，男性白人是41％。现在，男性黑人的大学入学率上升为37％，而女性黑人为42％，男性白人为44．5％。这就是说，虽然男性黑人的大学入学率比之20年前有了提高，但是其他群体的入学增长率却更高，而且更重要的是在巩固率方面。 男性黑人的毕业率也低于任何其他群体。1996年，进入大学的男性黑人只有35％在6年内完成学业毕业，相比之下，在同年入学者中，男性白人的毕业率是59％，西班牙(或墨西哥)裔男性是46％，印第安人男性是4l％，女性黑人是45％。) 各项调查和报告都显示，美国的教育机制对男性黑人是不利的。有色人种学生只有不到1／5在中学毕业时，能在成绩报告单上获得完成大学预科课程的记录，用以“证明具备基本读写能力”——这是“符合上大学条件”的基本要求。 另一个突出的问题是，黑人男性往往被过多地贴上不守纪律和行为不当的标签，因而常常受到开除和停学处分而被早早地逐出中学的校门。 美国教育委员会的威廉?哈维说，问题似乎还不止这些。联邦专项教育补助基金实际上已经枯竭，而学费却在上涨，这样一来，低收入学生要完成4年的学业，必须获得平均2万美元的贷款。 哈维说，“对于经济条件较差的学生来说，能不能得到财政帮助决定着谁能进入大学、谁不能进入大学。”哈维指出，联邦基金的流向在过去几十年里发生了“彻底逆转”：20年前的补助一信贷比是70％比30％，现在的比数恰好前后掉过来。“和过去相比，一位18岁的男青年更有可能说，‘我希望现在口袋里有钱’，所以想先找一份工作干，”哈维补充道。“但多数是先贷款，当非全日制学生，每周打20多个小时的工，结果用5年的时间读完4年制的大学。” 如果考查一下那些能读完中学、继而读完学士甚至硕士的黑人男性，那么，这种教育机制的弊端就特别清楚地表现出来。 根据最近公布的一项人口普查报告，不论持有中学文凭还是大学文凭，黑人男性的薪水要比白人男性的薪水低大约25％。
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