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  3. The sciences are differentiated precisely on the basis of the particular contradictions inherent in their respective objects of

The sciences are differentiated precisely on the basis of the particular contradictions inherent in their respective objects of

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问题     The sciences are differentiated precisely on the basis of the particular contradictions inherent in their respective objects of study. Thus the contradiction peculiar to a certain field of phenomena constitutes the object of study for a specific branch of science. For example, positive and negative numbers in mathematics; action and reaction in mechanics; positive and negative electricity in physics; dissociation and combination in chemistry; forces of production and relations of production, classes and class struggle, in social science; offence and defence in military science; idealism and materialism , the metaphysical outlook and the dialectical outlook, in philosophy; and so on—all these are the objects of study of different branches of science precisely because each branch has its own particular contradiction and particular essence.
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答案 科学研究的不同，体现在即使是在一门独立学科的研究之下，其内在也存在很多特殊的矛盾性。因此，某一现象的领域存在的特有矛盾构成了一门具体学科的研究对象。例如，数学领域的正数与负数，机械学中的作用与反作用，物理学中的阴电与阳电，化学中的化分与化合，社会科学中的生产力与生产关系、阶级和阶级的互相斗争，军事学中的攻击与防御，哲学中的唯心论与唯物论、形而上学观与辩证法观等等，都是因为每一学科具有特殊的矛盾和特殊的本质，才构成了不同学科的研究对象。
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