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  3. To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates e

To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates e

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问题     To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other examples. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than "Monkey see, monkey do".
    Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.
    There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, and that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.
    In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other people may most influence his approach to books.
    Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.
What is the first element at work when a child learns by imitation?
选项 A、To find a way to attain the desired goal.
B、To be acknowledged by his social group.
C、To find an authority or expert.
D、To find a way to avoid criticism.
答案A
解析 本题关键词是the first element at work和imitation，问题是：当孩子通过模仿来学习时，第一个起作用的因素是什么?根据第二段第二句，孩子“处于一个新的处境中，还没有形成现成的反应”，这是现状。第三句“他会寻求一种能够达到某种目标的反应”，这是目的。第四句“如果他既缺少对这一处境的现成反应，又想不出该怎么做，那么他就会去观察一个看起来能够获得正确结果的榜样”，即通过模仿来学习，这是结果。所以由以上三句可知，在这个过程中起作用的第一个因素是寻求一种能够达到某种目标的反应(a response which will gain certain ends)，因此选项A(a way to attain the desired goal)与原文为相同含义，为正确选项。选项B属于跨段选项，“获得其所在社会群体的认可”出现在第三段末句，属于“第二个起作用的因素(the second element at work)”的范畴，而非第一个因素。选项C属于曲解文意，原文第二段第五句提到孩子“会寻找一位能指导他该如何去做的权威或专家”，但这不是促进孩子进行模仿学习的因素，只是孩子在选择模仿对象时的一种标准倾向。选项D属于答非所问，与第二段所表述的内容无关。第二段：当面临一种新的处境时，孩子会为了实现一定的目标而选择榜样进行观察学习。
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