The writers’ conference is a peculiarly American institution, combining an ethic of self-reliance and self-improvement with the

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问题     The writers’ conference is a peculiarly American institution, combining an ethic of self-reliance and self-improvement with the sunny conviction that all things worth having can be bought or taught. Writers’ conferences, like the M. F.A. programs and other writing courses that have spread in American universities since the middle of the 20th century —there are now upwards of two hundred and fifty of them —are predicated on the principle that the ability to write does not depend solely upon God-given talent but can be acquired. The price of a Bread Loaf education is eighteen hundred dollars for tuition and room and board, though about a third of the students receive scholarships. The most celebrated writers’ program in the country, the Iowa Writers’ Workshop, established the industry’s ruling metaphor, which is that writing is something like wood-working: you put on your apron, roll up your sleeves, and practice your craft. Iowa has also helped popularize an unfortunate neologism, "workshop" as a transitive verb, the use of which is endemic to a place like Bread Loaf (for example, the sentence "My writers’ group workshopped the hell out of this poem, but I still have to resolve some enjambment issues".)

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答案 写作协会是一种极具美国特色的机构,它将自我依赖自我提高的道德观和乐观的信念组合到了一起,这种信念认为一切值得得到的东西都能买到或者是学到。如同20世纪中叶以来在美国大学里迅速发展流行起来的MFA课程和其他写作课程一样,写作协会(目前全国已有250多个)也基于这样的原则:写作能力不只靠天赋,而且还能后天获得。布莱得洛夫所提供的课程需要1 800美元,包括学费和食宿,尽管只有1/3的学生能获得证书。美国最有名的写作课程,爱荷华作家工作组,确立了这一行流行的一个比喻:写作就像是做木工活,你穿上围裙,卷起袖子,练习你的技艺。

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