首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Inflation Inflation, as an economic phenomenon, is a sufficient condition for an increase in price, but not a necessary one.
Inflation Inflation, as an economic phenomenon, is a sufficient condition for an increase in price, but not a necessary one.
admin
2012-12-01
30
问题
Inflation
Inflation, as an economic phenomenon, is a sufficient condition for an increase in price, but not a necessary one. The lecturer intends to shed some light on inflation from the following perspectives:
I. Significant Periods of Inflation over the Last 400 years
A. in the 16th century
cause: introduction of (1) (1)______
B. after major wars
— Napoleonic Wars and World Wars I and II
C. from (2) to 1970s (2)______
— creeping inflation occurred in America and Western
Europe.
II. Countries Suffered from Inflation besides the U.S.
A. Israel
— prices of necessities (3) doubled every year. (3)______
B. Argentina
— prices quadrupled in 1975, and kept increasing.
C. (4) (4)______
— money as worthless as paper
D. Hungary
— no better than Germany of 1923 after World War II
III. Effects of Inflation
A. on money management
Borrowing gets more appealing than saving.
— those who suffer: salary man, lenders, (5) savings (5)______
and loan associations
— those who profit: borrowers
B. on investment
Money goes to (6) goods and properties. (6)______
— purpose: to keep value
C. on lifestyle
People tend to overdraw (7) in the society for immediate (7)______
happiness..
IV. Causes of Inflation
A. excessive money printed by governments
1. purpose: to offset (8) expenditure and peacetime (8)______
spending
2. result:
— consumption is stimulated
— prices are raised
B. special interest groups’ encouragement
1 .manner — to encourage government through (9) power (9)______
2. result — inflationary policies are implemented.
C. (10) of common people (10)______
Inflation
Good morning, everyone. Today’s lecture is about inflation. In the 1970s the prices of most things Americans buy more than doubled. Such a general increase in prices is called inflation. Prices of selected goods may increase for reasons unrelated to inflation: the price of fresh lettuce may rise because unseasonably heavy rainfall in California has ruined the lettuce crop, or the price of gasoline may rise if the oil-producing countries set a higher price for oil. During inflation, however, all prices tend to rise. Now, we’ll discuss in detail significant periods of inflation, countries suffered from inflation, its effects on our life and major causes of inflation.
Over the last 400 years there have been many periods of inflation. [1] In the 16th century, when the Spaniards began bringing back gold and silver from the New World, prices in Western Europe moved upward as the supply of money increased. During the 19th century prices tended to go downward as food and raw materials became cheaper. After major wars such as the Napoleonic Wars and World War I and II, prices again moved upward. [2] In the 1950s and 1960s a so-called creeping inflation occurred, when the general price level in the United States and Western Europe rose by an average of 1 to 5 percent each year. In the 1970s inflation increased until it reached as much as 13 percent a year in the United States.
Many countries have suffered from inflation more than has the United States. [3] Israel had inflation of more than 100 percent a year in the early 1980s, meaning that the cost of living more than doubled every year. In Argentina inflation was greater than 400 percent in 1975 and averaged more than 100 percent each year from 1976 to 1982. [4] The most remarkable inflation in modern times was the German hyperinflation of 1923, when people went to the store with wheelbarrows full of money to buy a few groceries. A similar hyperinflation occurred in Hungary after World War II.
Inflation has been defined as "too much money chasing too few goods". As prices rise, wages and salaries also have a tendency to rise. More money in people’s pockets causes prices to rise still higher so that consumers never quite catching up. Inflation can go on continuously year after year so long as the money supply continues to increase. Continued inflation affects people in diverse ways. Those who live on fixed incomes, or those whose incomes increase very slowly, suffer most from inflation because they are able to buy less and less. Those who lend money when prices are lower may be paid back in dollars of reduced purchasing power. [5] Banks and savings and loan associations generally lose from inflation. People who borrow money, however, may profit by paying their debts in dollars that have shrunk in purchasing power. Inflation thus encourages borrowing and discourages saving. [6] It also leads people to buy real estate and durable goods that will keep their value over time. In the United States this tendency is reinforced by the tax system, which allows taxpayers to deduct property taxes and interest payments from their taxable incomes. If inflation continues for a long time, the country as a whole may begin to consume more and invest less as people find it more profitable to borrow than to save. [7] In other words inflation causes society to use more of its resources for today’s purposes and to set aside less for tomorrow’s needs.
Inflation has many causes, but they all operate to raise the demand for goods and services beyond the capacity of the economy to satisfy that demand.
[8] Often inflation follows a war, when the government has spent vast sums on military equipment and has not raised taxes enough to pay for it. Heavy government spending in peacetime may also lead to inflation. The principal reason why governments create inflation is that they are able to print money. When a government pays its bills by printing money rather than by raising taxes, the effect is to increase the demand for goods and services. If demand is already high, increasing it will only push up the prices of those goods and services.
But the government may not be the only player in the inflation scenario.
[9] Citizens, through their voting power, encourage the government to follow inflationary policies. In the United States special interest groups often exert pressure on Congress for programs that will benefit them at the expense of the treasury. Few taxpayers actually ask their Congressional representatives to raise taxes. Government deficits in themselves do not necessarily lead to inflation, but they make it more difficult to prevent inflation or to slow it down. [10] Another part in the scenario is played by people’s efforts to protect themselves from the effects of inflation. Consumers want their incomes to increase so as to keep up with rising prices. Those who belong to unions may put pressure on employers to raise wages, a factor that tends to force up prices still further. Those who lend money expect to be paid back in inflation-adjusted dollars. Retired people want their social security and other pension payments to increase with the cost of living. As inflation continues, people expect it to become even worse and try to compensate for it in advance. The simple expectation of inflation thus helps to keep it going.
OK, this is the end of today’s lecture. I hope you’ve had a general view about inflation after the lecture. Alright, thank you for your attention, see you next week.
选项
答案
voting
解析
本题涉及引发通货膨胀的第二个原因。讲座中提到,政府不是通货膨胀的唯一原因,公民中的特殊利益群体也可以通过政府间接引发通货膨胀。而其发挥作用的手段就是通过选举权利,怂恿政府实行通胀政策。故本空填voting。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/JxUYFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
______referstothephenomenonthatwordsofdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.
Inbusiness,ifnotpolitics,theworldhasquieteneddownabit:thenumberofspectacularbankruptcies,indictments,scandals,
DangersofUsingComputerTerminalsUndoubtedly,thecomputerhasgreatlyincreasedhumanbeing’sworkingcapacityandintelle
Ifitwereonlynecessarytodecidewhethertoteachelementarysciencetoeveryoneonamessbasisortofindthegiftedfewan
Theworld’spopulationcontinuestogrow.Therenowareabout4billionofusonearth.Thatcouldreach6billionbytheendof
Countries,businesses,andschoolsarethreeareasthatneedgoodleaders.Chooseoneofthesethreeareasanddescribethemost
KimiyukiSudashouldbeaperfectcustomerforJapan’scarmakers.He’sayoung(34),successfulexecutiveatanInternet-service
A、Somaliaisre-infectedwithpoliovirus.B、Somaliahassuccessfullyeradicatedpolio.C、Somaliasuffersfromindigenouspolio.
长期以来,科学与艺术之间的关系一直是剃头担子一头热:科学热恋着艺术,艺术却拒科学于千里之外。许多大科学家一生钟爱艺术,且懂艺术,从中汲取养料,善养浩然之气,或得到人生最大安慰。相反,热爱自然科学并且理解工程技术的文学艺术家真可谓凤毛麟角。
在西方国家,特别是在美国,人们往往认为时间是和大自然混成一体的,是一件人们逃脱不了的东西.通常,美国人把时间看作是一条大道,或者像一条丝带,向前伸展,通向未来,人们沿着这条时间的大道向前迈进.这条大道又分成很多支道,各管各的事,叫做“在一个时间做一个事情”
随机试题
目标是组织的第一要素。
A.血清淀粉酶升高B.血清碱性磷酸酶升高C.血CEA升高D.血AFP升高E.血VCA-IgA抗体升高骨肉瘤病人可出现()
与黏膜免疫应答密切相关韵免疫球蛋白是()
下列功能位正确的是()
患者,女性,25岁,发热两个月,咳嗽、盗汗、消瘦,经诊断为肺结核,该患者应给予的饮食是()。
【背景资料】某住宅楼工程位于L市市区,地下1层,地上11层,结构形式为钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构。施工单位是建设单位通过招标确定的,具有相应的施工资质。为方便施工组织,确保施工进度,施工单位提前制定了施工进度计划。其中,将本工程地上主体结构施工分为三个流水段进行
操作系统是软件系统的核心。()
法国作家罗曼·罗兰说,在贝多芬的()交响曲展开部的末尾,音乐描写了“英雄在号角声中从死亡的深渊里站起”。
若设关系R为第一范式,且它的每一非主属性都完全函数依赖于关键字,则称R属于()。
美国的高档餐馆,两人用餐肯定要花费55美元,停车费和小费总共还需10美元。
最新回复
(
0
)