首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Sustainable Development and Globalization Sustainable development is defined in Our Common Future, the Report of the 1987 Wo
Sustainable Development and Globalization Sustainable development is defined in Our Common Future, the Report of the 1987 Wo
admin
2010-07-14
28
问题
Sustainable Development and Globalization
Sustainable development is defined in Our Common Future, the Report of the 1987 World Commission on the Environment and Development (the Brundtland Report), as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". Rather than predicting greater environmental decay and hardship in a world of ever-diminishing resources, the Report foresees "the possibility of a new era of economic growth, based on policies that sustain and expand the natural environmental resource base".
Economic growth and modernization have historically been pursued aggressively by nation-states, as a means not only of satisfying basic material needs, but also of providing the resources necessary to improve quality of life more generally (for example with respect to access to health-care and education). However, most forms of economic growth make demands on the environment, both by using (sometimes finite) natural resources and by generating waste or pollution. This jeopardizes growth for future generations. The philosophy of sustainable development attempts to resolve this dilemma by insisting that decisions taken at every level throughout society should have due regard to their possible environmental consequence. In this way, the right kind of economic growth—based on biodiversity, the control of environmentally damaging activity, and replenishment of renewable resources such as forests—is generated, and this can protect or even enhance the natural environment. Present-day economic development is therefore rendered compatible with investment in environmental resources for the future.
Although it is understandably hard to find authorities who are prepared to argue against the idea of sustainable development (it is in fact widely applauded by almost all governments and their agencies), it is often difficult for governments (which tend to be accountable to electorates over short-term periods such as five years or so) to accept the political consequences of promoting sustainable development, for example by imposing tolls or fines for the use of cars in cities (on the principle that the "polluter should pay"). Moreover, the environment is shared and is largely a public good, so that to a considerable extent its protection requires collective action. In practice, therefore, this has proved hard to organize because of the usual free-rider problems.
Globalization theory examines the emergence of a global cultural system. It suggests that global culture is brought about by a variety of social and cultural developments: the existence of a world-satellite information system; the emergence of global patterns of consumption and consumerism; the cultivation of cosmopolitan life-styles; the emergence of global sport such as the Olympic Games, world football competitions, and international tennis matches; the spread of world tourism; the decline of the sovereignty of the nation state; the growth of a global military system; recognition of a world-wide ecological crisis; the development of world-wide health problems such as AIDS; the emergence of world political systems such as the League of Nations and the United Nations; the creation of global political movements such as Marxism; extension of the concept of human rights; and the complex interchange between world religions. More importantly, globalism involves a new consciousness of the world as a single place. Globalization has been described, therefore, as "the concrete structuration of the world as a whole": that is, a growing awareness at a global level that "the world" is a continuously constructed environment. Perhaps the most concise definition suggests that globalization is "a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people are becoming increasingly aware that they are receding".
Contemporary globalization theory argues that globalization comprises two entirely contradictory processes of homogenization and differentiation; that there is a complex interaction between localism and globalism; and that there are powerful movements of resistance against globalization processes.
The proponents of the argument are critical of traditional sociology which continues to focus on the nation-states rather than the world as a system of societies. However, there are problems with globalization theory. What, for example, is the distinction between globalization and modern patterns of imperialism? There are also difficulties in specifying the relationships between economic and cultural globalization, and between globalization and modernization.
Globalism increasingly became part of the conventional wisdom of sociologists during the 1990s. Almost every subject of sociological interest that could be given a global gloss was so endowed. Thus, for example, in a single issue of the journal Contemporary Sociology (September 1996), there were reviews of books on such diverse subjects as the Women’s Movement, the international economy, biological reproduction, immigration, apartheid, racism, the forest products industry, transnational corporations, the production and distribution of food, central banks and international monetary arrangements, American foreign policy, the growth of Third World cities, and value-change in advanced societies--all of which contained the words "global", "globalizati0n", or "globalism" in their titles.
It is undoubtedly true that, on a planet in which the same fashion accessories (such as designer training-shoes) are manufactures and sold across every continent, one can send and receive electronic mail from the middle of a forest in Brazil, eat McDonald’s hamburgers in Moscow as well as Manchester, and pay for all this using a Mastercard linked to a bank account in Madras, then the world does indeed appear to be increasingly "globalized". However, the excessive use of this term as a sociological buzzword had largely emptied it of analytical and explanatory value, as a perusal of many of the studies mentioned above will reveal.
Globalism is merely the sociology of international relations.
选项
A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案
B
解析
文章第四自然段的内容说明全球化不是仅指国际关系社会学。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/zBFMFFFM
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisn
Inadditiontoexercisingregularly,eatingagoodbreakfastisconsideredbymanyhealthexpertstobea【B1】______.partofa
Inadditiontoexercisingregularly,eatingagoodbreakfastisconsideredbymanyhealthexpertstobea【B1】______.partofa
PresidentClintonlatertodayjoins【B1】______PresidentsFord,CarterandBushat"thepresident’ssummitforAmerica’sfuture"【
WaterProblemsWhere’sthewater?Water.Ifyou’vegotit,youprobablytakeitforgranted.Butaquicklookatthegl
A、Adoctor.B、Areporter.C、Ascientist.D、Aprofessor.A讲话者讨论的是医学问题,所以可能是医生。
MostAmericansspendfarmoreoftheirleisuretimewiththemassmediathaninanyotheroccupation.Inaddition,mostofushe
____________(长期不上班)delayedhispromotion.
A、Hethinksthewomanisright.B、Hethinksitbettertopostthecardearlier.C、Heissurethecardwillbedelayed.D、Hethin
Anaccidentaldiscoveryhasbroughtseismologists(地震学家)onestepclosertobeingabletopredictearthquakes.Aspartofanunre
随机试题
A.常发生在进油腻食物后B.过食、饮酒后发生C.腹痛在剧烈活动后发生D.持续性腹痛阵发加重E.转移性疼痛急性胰腺炎发病与饮食的关系
初孕妇,32岁,孕37周,有轻度妊娠高血压综合征。今晨不慎摔倒,2小时后自觉下腹不适,有少量阴道出血,急诊入院。检查:宫缩弱,持续30秒,间歇10分钟。宫高33cm,子宫软,右侧子宫有轻度局限性压痛,胎心率140次/分。最恰当的处理原则是
关于污泥厌氧消化的说法,以下描述正确的是()。
()国债发行方式是通过投标人的直接竞价来确定发行价格(或利率)水平。
羽毛球运动中,当来球在前场左侧距身体较近时,起动后左脚向身体左侧前方来球的方向迈出一小步,紧接着左脚用力蹬地,右脚经左脚向左前方跨出一大步击球,这里运用的是()。
基尼是美国加利福尼亚州的一个小女孩。她母亲双目失明,丧失了哺育孩子的基本能力;父亲讨厌她,虐待她。基尼自婴儿期起就几乎没听到过任何人说话,更不用说有人教她说话了。除了哥哥匆匆地、沉默地给她送些食物外,可以说,基尼生活在一间被完全隔离的小房里。她严重营养不良
()是指积极动员社会力量,借助社会力量的支持和帮助,与劳动教养人民警察共同教育个别劳动教养人员,帮助解决其思想问题和具体的家庭及社会问题的方法。
Hewas______admissionoftherestaurantfornotwearingatie.
A、Thejobmustnotruinyourtalents.B、Thejobmustbeabletoshapeyourpersonality.C、Thejobmustsetapatternoflife.D、
秦始皇是中国历史上杰出的政治家、战略家和改革家。13岁继承王位,39岁统一中国并自封“始皇帝”(FirstEmperor),建立第一个统一的、多民族、中央集权制国家。统一中国之后,他推行了一系列改革,比如统一度量衡单位和货币标准、统一文字(theChi
最新回复
(
0
)