首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
How to Write a Research Report A standard format will help readers to locate the information they want quickly. It is true that
How to Write a Research Report A standard format will help readers to locate the information they want quickly. It is true that
admin
2017-12-07
41
问题
How to Write a Research Report
A standard format will help readers to locate the information they want quickly. It is true that some journals deviate from the format, but it is advised to you to follow the standard one.
I. Style
— Use【T1】_____ to separate each important point, except for the abstract【T1】______
— Use present tense to report background information
— Use【T2】_____ tense to report results of an experiment【T2】______
II. Title page
— Informative title
— Inclusion of name(s)and address(es)of all authors
—【T3】_____【T3】______
III. Abstract
— Focus on the results and major conclusions
— Provide relevant【T4】_____ data【T4】______
— A single and concise paragraph
— Avoid long introductory or explanatory materials
— Written in past tense
IV.【T5】______【T5】______
— The overall question
— Experimental model
— Experimental design
— Significance of anticipated results
V.【T6】______【T6】______
— Document all of procedures
— Written in past tense and【T7】_____【T7】______
— Presented under headings, not in narrative form
— Omit background and【T8】_____ information【T8】______
VI. Results
— Do not include【T9】_____【T9】______
— Present data in the form of a【T10】_____, etc.【T10】______
—【T11】_____ are most preferable【T11】______
— Data are presented after the method and before the discussion
— Do not【T12】_____ in this section【T12】______
VII. Discussion
— Examine each of the hypotheses
— Make what conclusions you can
— Explain all of observations
— Examine the experimental design
— Think of new【T13】_____, etc.【T13】______
VIII. Literature cited
— List all literature in【T14】_____ order by first author【T14】______
— In a proper paper, use【T15】_____ literature only【T15】______
【T8】
How to Write a Research Report
Good morning, everyone. Today we are going to talk about how to write a research report. An objective of organizing a research paper is to allow people to read your work selectively. When I research a topic, I may be interested in just the methods, a specific result, the interpretation, or perhaps I just want to see a summary of the paper to determine if it is relevant to my study.
For most studies, a proper research report includes the following sections, submitted in the order listed, each section to start on a new page. Some journals request a summary to be placed at the end of the discussion. Some techniques articles include an appendix with equations, formulas, calculations, etc. Some journals deviate from the format, such as by combining results and discussion, or combining everything but the title, abstract, and literature as is done in the journal Science. Your reports will adhere to the standard format. And I am going to go through some of the basic sections of research papers to give you a sense of what a standard research paper is.
First of all, style.[1]In all sections of your paper, use paragraphs to separate each important point except for the abstract, and present your points in logical order. Use present tense to report background that is already established. For example, "the grass is green."[2]Always use past tense to describe results of a specific experiment, especially your own. For example, "When weed killer was applied, the grass was brown." Remember—present tense for background, and past tense for results.
Second, title page. Select an informative title, such as "Role of temperature in determination of the rate of development of Xenopus larvae." A title such as "Biology lab" is not informative.[3]Include the name(s)and address(es)of all authors, and date submitted.
Next, abstract.[4]Summarize the study, focusing on the results and major conclusions, including relevant quantitative data. It must be a single paragraph, and concise. It should stand on its own, therefore do not refer to any other part of the report, such as a figure or table. Avoid long sections of introductory or explanatory material. As a summary of work done, it is written in past tense.
[5]Fourthly, introduction Introduce the rationale behind the study, including
The overall question and its relevance to science
Suitability of the experimental model to the overall question
Experimental design and specific hypothesis or objective
Significance of the anticipated results to the overall question
Include appropriate background information, but please do not write everything you know about the subject.
[6]Fifthly, methods and materials. The purpose of this section is to document all of your procedures so that another scientist could reproduce all or part of your work. It is not designed to be a set of instructions.[7]As awkward as it may seem, it is standard practice to report methods and materials in past tense, third person passive. Your laboratory notebook should contain all of the details of everything you do in lab, plus any additional information needed in order to complete this section. While it is tempting to report methods in chronological order in a narrative form, it is usually more effective to present them under headings devoted to specific procedures or groups of procedures. Some examples of separate headings are "sources of materials," "experiment procedures", "think aloud protocol," and "statistical methods."
Try to be succinct without sacrificing essential information. Omit any background information or comments. If you must explain why a particular procedure was chosen, do so in the discussion.[8]Omit information that is irrelevant to a third party. For example, no third party cares what color ice bucket you used, or which individual logged in the data. Report how procedures were done, not how they were specifically performed on a particular day.
Now, about results.[9]Raw data are never included in a research paper.[10]Analyze your data, then present the analyzed or converted data in the form of a figure, table, or in narrative form. Present the same data only once in the most effective manner. By presenting converted data, you make your point succinctly and clearly.[11]Figures are preferable to tables, and tables are preferable to straight text. However, there are times when a figure is inappropriate, or the data come across more clearly if described in narrative form. To give your results continuity, describe the relationship of each section of converted data to the overall study. All converted data go into the body of the report, after the methods and before the discussion. Do not stick graphs or other data onto the back of the report just because you printed or prepared them separately.[12]Do not draw conclusions in the results section. Reserve data interpretation for the discussion.
NO. 7, discussion. Interpret your data in the discussion. Decide if each hypothesis is supported, rejected, or if you cannot make a decision with confidence. Do not simply dismiss a study or part of a study as "inconclusive." Make what conclusions you can, then suggest how the experiment must be modified in order to properly test the hypothesis(es). Explain all of your observations as much as possible, focusing on mechanisms. When you refer to information, distinguish data generated by your own studies from published information or from information obtained from other students. Decide if the experimental design adequately addressed the hypothesis, and whether or not it was properly controlled. One experiment will not answer an overall question, so keep the big picture in mind, where do you go next? The best studies open up new avenues of research.[13]What questions remain? Did the study lead you to any new questions? Try to think up a new hypothesis and briefly suggest new experiments to further address the main question. Be creative, and don’t be afraid to speculate.
Finally, literature cited.[14]List all literature cited in your report, in alphabetical order, by first author.[15]In a proper research paper, only primary literature is used. That is original research articles authored by the original investigators. Some of your reports may not require references, and if that is the case simply state "no references were consulted."
OK. I think I have covered the basic elements of writing a research report. I am sure you will be able to submit a standard and well-structured one in due course.
选项
答案
irrelevant
解析
本题询问在研究方法和材料这个章节要把什么信息剔除掉。讲座提到,对于第三方无关的信息要剔除。这里填irrelevant。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/z2ZMFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、Halfoftheirstudentsleaveschoolbeforegraduation.B、Halfoftheirstudentsgotofactoriesaftergraduation.C、Thelocal
PASSAGEFOURWhateffectdoestheironfrombloodcellshaveaccordingtotheresearcher’sexperiment?
A、Thewayofgettingtheirinput.B、Thechanneltoreleaseinformation.C、Theselectionofmembers.D、Therangeoftheirfocus.
Researchonlanguagelearningstrategiesstartedinthe1970s.Forthemostpart,theprogressincognitivepsychologyhadagre
A、Theresearchershadmadesomemistakes.B、Theresearchersrepeatedtheexperimentmanytimes.C、E.coliwasalmostcompletely
A、Self-introduction.B、Discussionaboutsickleave.C、Revisionofcontract.D、Jobinterview.D
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
A、Theintervieweeiscurrentlyteachingaclassonstandupcomedy.B、Theintervieweethinksitisashametodismisscomedy.C、T
A、Allthebigno-nostandardsarelistedintheinterview.B、Stickingtotheseno-nostandardswillmakeyoufeellonely.C、Wes
随机试题
以云海、日出著名的台湾山地风景区是()。
习近平总书记强调,必须深化对新的时代条件下我国各类资本及其作用的认识,规范和引导资本健康发展,发挥其作为重要生产要素的积极作用。下列对资本的认识不准确的是:
A、上颌侧切牙B、下颌第二前磨牙C、上颌尖牙D、上颌第一磨牙E、下颌第一磨牙牙合面有一个中央窝,一个近中窝的牙是
设备形成过程中,业主的主要工作内容包括()。
属于预防水泥混凝土路面断板的措施是()。
先有工程设计图,然后施工建成大楼。这一事实说明()。
检察院在构建和谐社会中应发挥什么作用?
我国不仅是资源大国,而且是人口大国,按最新统计,我国各种矿产品人均占有量从世界水平看()。
栈和队列的共同特点是()
TheGenuineArticleAManybusinessbooksassumethatpotentialleadersareablankcanvasontowhichmustbehurledaparticul
最新回复
(
0
)