首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
71. A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research
71. A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research
admin
2013-01-20
46
问题
71.
A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward "directed" or "programmed" research; i.e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves.
Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand.
At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense; the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform.
72.
As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently.
The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. Owing to the large sum of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed (programmatic) research.
One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations. 73.
In consequence, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly- paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.
Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science-not only pure science, but applied science as well.
选项
答案
当代科学技术的一个最新现象是,科学研究越来越朝着“有领导的”或“有计划的”趋势发展,也就是说,研究的范围和目标是由私营机构或政府机构,而不是由研究人员自己事先决定的。
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/x48YFFFM
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
TheClarkshaven’tdecidedyetwhichhotel______.
OnereasonforthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthattheyhavetakengreat______toeducatetheirchildren.
Tousitseemssonaturaltoputupanumbrellatokeepthewateroffwhenitrains.Butactuallytheumbrellawasnotinvented
Tousitseemssonaturaltoputupanumbrellatokeepthewateroffwhenitrains.Butactuallytheumbrellawasnotinvented
______enoughtimeandmoney,theresearcherswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermoreinthisfield.
JapanremainstiedtotheWesterncamppartlybecausetherelationshiphasbecome______tohereconomyandpoliticsoverfortyye
Watchingnewsprogramatnighthasbecomean_____partofthelivesofmostpeopleinbigcities.
Futuristshaveidentifiedtwochangesthatseemtobecentraltocontemporarysociallife.First,theUnitedStatesisbeingres
Theenergycrisis,whichisbeingfeltaroundtheworld,hasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbrough
随机试题
A.苍术B.藿香C.佩兰D.白豆蔻E.草果用于治疗疟疾的药物是
患者男性,58岁。胸闷痛反复发作二年,加重一日,现胸闷如窒而痛,气短,喘憋,心烦易怒,咯黄痰,头昏沉,大便干,夜寐不安,舌暗红苔黄腻,脉滑数弦。
法律责任是一种不利的法律后果,而产生法律责任的原因之一是违法行为,关于违法行为的构成要素,以下论述正确的是:()
根据《大气污染防治行动计划》,到2017年,除必要保留的以外,地级及以上城市建成区基本淘汰每小时()及以下的燃煤锅炉,禁止新建每小时()以下的燃煤锅炉。
只有掌握了业主、设计单位、咨询单位和竞争对手的情况,承包商才能准确地报价,这说明( )也是影响建设工程投资的重要因素。
下列属于泄露客户信息的行为是()。
甲公司是一家国有煤矿企业,按照2013年1月1日开始实施的《中央企业负责人经营业绩考核暂行办法》对企业负责人实际经济增加值考核2016年的企业财务报表中有关资料如下:(1)平均资产合计为20000万元(其中,在建工程为3000万元,有80%符合主业规定)
根据测算,全国城乡普遍实施“单独二胎”政策,将使总人口在2030年达到14.53亿,峰值人口增加1500万;2050年,总人口下降为13.85亿,但比现行生育率增加约5000万人,“单独二胎”与现行生育政策相比,2030年老龄化水平从24.1%降到23.8
A、 B、 C、 D、 B
A、Learninghowtochangemajors.B、Decidingwhichprofessortofollow.C、Learninghowtomanagetime.D、Makingsurehowtolearn
最新回复
(
0
)