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It’s well known that being bilingual has cognitive benefits: switching between two languages has been compared to mental gymnast

admin2019-08-08  17
问题    It’s well known that being bilingual has cognitive benefits: switching between two languages has been compared to mental gymnastics. 【F1】But now, research suggests that mastering two languages can fundamentally alter the structure of your brain, rewiring it to work differently than the brains of those who only speak one language.
   "Bilinguals are really a model of cognitive control," Pennsylvania State University cognitive scientist Judith F. Kroll told Quartz, citing bilinguals’ ability to both hold two languages in their head and expertly switch between them at the right times. Kroll presented her work at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting held in Washington, DC last weekend. 【F2】If you speak two languages and have ever found this task to be difficult—choosing the "right" tongue based on the context you’re in—it’s because both languages are always "on" in the brains of bilinguals. as Kroll and other cognitive scientists have seen. In other words, the brain is continually processing information in both languages.
   The mental struggle of selecting and switching between two languages actually helps reshape the brain’s networks, according to Kroll. One study looked at four-month old, eight-month old, and one-year old infants—60 of whom were bilingual and 60 monolingual—and found that, 【F3】as they grew older, infants who were exposed to both Spanish and Romanian started looking at speakers’ mouths instead of their eyes when listening to someone talk. The monolingual infants, however, only looked at mouths more than eyes when they were listening to someone speak their native tongue.
   Kroll told Quartz this study is a great example of how being bilingual can improve speakers’ cognitive abilities. (4) "Babies who are growing up with two languages become attuned to those two languages right away, so bilingual is not confusing them or messing them up developmentally—the opposite is true." said Kroll.
   This rewiring doesn’t happen the same way in every bilingual brain—it’s different for each person, just as each person has their own language experience. 【F5】But Kroll’s research demonstrates that no matter how effortlessly other bilinguals may seem to switch between their two tongues, there’s a lot going on under the hood. That should come as a small relief for anyone attempting to pick up a new language. There is no rest for the monolingual, so as the bilingual—they are struggling to deal with the two languages in the beginning.
【F2】
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答案如果你能够讲两种语言并且曾有尴尬经历(根据所处的语境选择“合适”的语言)，在克罗尔和其他认知学家看来．这是因为大脑中的两种语言一直处于“开启状态”。
解析 ①本句是复合句。第二个破折号前是If引导的条件状语从句，之后是主系表结构的主句it’s because…，其中because引导从句作主句的表语。②If引导的条件状语从句中，and连接的两个谓宾结构的主语均为you，to be difficult是不定式作第二个宾语的补语，修饰task。破折号中间为插入语，补充说明困难的任务是什么。③主句逗号后的as引导定语从句，修饰逗号前整个句子的内容，说明逗号前整个句子的内容是谁的观点。
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