2. 外语
  3. (1) American culture nurtures many myths about the moral value of hard work. The phrase " by the bootstraps," still widely used

(1) American culture nurtures many myths about the moral value of hard work. The phrase " by the bootstraps," still widely used

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问题    (1) American culture nurtures many myths about the moral value of hard work. The phrase " by the bootstraps," still widely used to describe those Americans who have found success through a combination of dogged work and stubborn will, rose from a mis-remembering of The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen: In it, the eponymous aristocrat pulls himself from a swamp—not by his bootstraps, but by his hair. And Horatio Alger’s stories, as well, while often remembered collectively as the prototypical tale of American rags to American riches, romanticized not just the social and economic power of hard work, but also the power of old-fashioned good luck.
   (2) The myths live on, though, for the same reason myths often will: They ratify a deeply held value in American culture. They allow us denizens of the current moment to hold onto one of the most beloved ideas that has animated Americans’ conception of themselves—ourselves—as a culture, over the decades and centuries: that we live in a meritocracy (精英体制). That our widely imitated and yet idiosyncratic (另类的) take on democracy has been built, and continues to rest, on a system that ensures that talent and hard work will be rewarded.
   (3) Current events, however—and Americans’ ability to share their experiences with each other, via new technological platforms—have helped to reveal the notion of meritocracy to be what it always was: yet another myth. During a discussion at the Aspen Ideas Festival, NPR’s Michele Norris talked with Darren Walker, the president of the Ford Foundation, and Jeff Raikes, the co-founder of the Raikes Foundation. The trio, in their discussion, emphasized the tensions between how we talk about the American dream and how people live it.
   (4) "As Americans, we want to believe that you can get on that mobility escalator (自动扶梯) and ride it as far as you want," Walker said, "but that no one rides it faster than anyone else. " We want to believe that talent will triumph, and that hard work will be the tool of that success. Which is to say: We want to believe that opportunity is evenly distributed.
   (5) But, of course, that great escalator is far faster for some than it is for others. It is harder for some to get to in the first place than it is for others. And it’s been that way from the beginning: This country, as Walker put it, "was constructed on a racialized hierarchy. " It’s a hierarchy that remains today—one that is evident, in ways both obvious and latent, across American culture, across the American education system, across the American housing system, across the American economy.
   (6) And yet our stories, and our myths, tend to belie (证明......是虚假的) that reality. The logic of meritocracy, as a concept—"a system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead on the basis of their achievement," per Merriam-Webster, but also, per Dictionary, com, "an elite group of people whose progress is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth"—endorses a world in which economic success carries a moral valence, and in which, as a consequence, the lack of such success implies a kind of moral failing.
   (7) It’s a tension playing out, at the moment, with the negotiations taking place in Congress, about the future of the American health-care system. Many of those debates, my colleague Vann Newkirk pointed out, have adopted the pernicious logic of the prosperity truth—the idea that success, and wealth, and indeed health itself, are signs of God’s favor. But it’s a tension, too, that has long inflected conversations about social assistance programs—a tension that has, in general, long defined how Americans think about what they owe to each other, as people and as fellow citizens.
   (8) "Meritocracy" takes as its core assumption, essentially, an equality that does not exist in America. It is romantic rather than realistic. "To successful people," Walker said, "to interrogate their success requires that they acknowledge the injustice that is baked into our systems. And that’s really, really hard to do, because we’re patriots. We believe in our country. We believe that there is something that makes it possible for people like me, and Jeff, and Norris to be where we are today. "
   (9) That something is the American dream. That something is " an elite group of people whose progress is based on ability and talent" as a myth and a cultural ideal. As concepts, they claim to speak to the best of who we are: in practice, however, they can serve as a justification of the worst. They can allow us to be complacent about the world rather than interrogate it. After all, as Norris summed things up: In America, " we are the land of the brave and the home of amnesia. "
Which of the following statements may Mr. Walker agree with?
选项 A、Moral values are deeply influenced by old myths.
B、The American society is fundamentally hierarchical.
C、Economic success is linked with a moral valence.
D、Most successful people benefit from meritocracy.
答案B
解析 推断题。原文第五段第三、四句中提到，沃克尔认为，美国是建立在一种有种族主义色彩的等级制度之上的，而这个等级制度至今仍然保留着，并以不同的形式反映在文化、教育、经济等多个领域之中。由此可见美国社会基本上还是有等级的，故B为答案。沃克尔的观点中没有涉及神话传说的问题，A与原文不符，故排除；第六段最后一句提到在精英体制下，经济成功承载着道德地位，但这并不在沃克尔论述的范围之内，故排除C；作者在第八段第一句就指出，精英体制所体现的平等只是空想，根本不存在，后文中提到沃克尔认为成功人士应该明白这一点，而不是说他们都得益于精英体制，故排除D。
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