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  3. The Brain Most Active Dering Sleep For many years, people believed that the brain, like the body, rested during sleep. After

The Brain Most Active Dering Sleep For many years, people believed that the brain, like the body, rested during sleep. After

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问题                     The Brain Most Active Dering Sleep
    For many years, people believed that the brain, like the body, rested during sleep. After all, we are rendered unconscious by sleep. Perhaps, it was thought, the brain just needs to stop thinking for a few hours every day. Wrong. During sleep, our brain—the organ that directs us to sleep—is itself extraordinarily active. And much of that activity helps the brain to learn, to remember and to make connections.
    It wasn’t so long ago that the regretful joke in research circles was that everyone knew sleep had something to do with memory except for the people who study sleep and the people who study memory. Then, in 1994, Israeli researchers reported that the average performance for a group of people on a memory test improved when the test was repeated after a break of many hours during which some subjects slept and others did not. In 2000, a Harvard team demonstrated that this improvement occurred only during sleep.
    There are several different types of memory—including declarative (fact-based information) , episodic (events from your life) and procedural (how to do something)—and researchers have designed ways to test each of them. In almost every case, whether the test involves remembering pairs of words, tapping numbered keys in a certain order or figuring out the rules in a weather-prediction game, "sleeping on it" after first learning the task improves performance. It’s as if our brains squeeze in some extra practice time while we’re asleep.
    This isn’t to say that we can’t form memories when we’re awake. If someone tells you his name, you don’t need to fall asleep to remember it. But sleep will make it more likely that you do. Sleep-deprivation experiments have shown that a tired brain has a difficult time capturing memories of all sorts. Interestingly, sleep deprivation is more likely to cause us to forget information associated with positive emotion than information linked to negative emotion. This could explain, at least in part, why sleep deprivation can trigger depression in some people: memories stained with negative emotions are more likely than positive ones to "stick" in the sleep-deprived brain.
    Sleep also seems to be the time when the brain’s two memory systems—the hippocampus and the neocortex— "talk" with one other. Experiences that become memories are laid down first in the hippocampus, eliminating whatever is underneath. If a memory is to be retained, it must be shipped from the hippocampus to a place where it will endure the neocortex, the wrinkled outer layer of the brain where higher thinking takes place. Unlike the hippocampus, the neocortex is a master at weaving the old with the new. And partly because it keeps incoming information at bay, sleep is the best time for the "undistracted" hippocampus to shuttle memories to the neocortex, and for the neocortex to link them to related memories.
How can a piece of information become enduring memory in the brain according to the passage?
选项 A、It must go to the hippocampus for processing.
B、It must be transferred to the neocortex.
C、It must eliminate the memory underneath it.
D、It must be captured during the time of sleep.
答案B
解析 事实细节题。由题干中的enduring memory定位到第五段。本段第三句指出：如果一个记忆要想被记住的话，必须要把它从海马体运送到一个它能够长期存在的地方，即新皮质。故[B]与之相符。从第五段的第二句我们可以推断，一个记忆如果不从海马体输送到新皮质的话，就会被后来的记忆清除掉，所以进入海马体并不是信息成为永久记忆的关键，故排除[A]；由第二句可知，每个进入海马体的记忆都会清除掉以前储存在海马体中的信息，这是必然规律，但是要想成为永久记忆必须进入新皮质，故排除[C]；从最后一句可知，睡眠时间是信息从海马体进入新皮质的最佳时间，而不是获取信息的最佳时间，故排除[D]。
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