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  3. A "scientistic" view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of

A "scientistic" view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of

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问题   A "scientistic" view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century, Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic as they were be these "scientistic" thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard: for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances real or fictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.
  Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the "scientistic" view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive; pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.  
It can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric was regarded as ______.
选项 A、the only necessary element of persuasive discourse
B、a dubious art in at least two ways
C、an outmoded and tedious amplification of logic
D、an open offense to the rational mind
答案B
解析 题是含蓄题，原文第1段指出，本世纪初在喜爱(affected to)对人类的思想行为进行科学分析的哲学家和语言学家中间，有一种关于语言的“科学”观点占了上风(A“scientific” view of language)。在这种观点的影响下(under the force of this view)，修辞艺术从被认为价值可疑的地位(the status of be regarded as of questionable worth)变成被宣告为完全不适用的地位(the status of being wholly condemned)。由此可以推论，在19世纪后期(in the late nineteenth century)，修辞学至少在两方面(in at least two ways)被认为是价值可疑的艺术(a dubious art)：即歪曲真理的手段和错误行动之源(a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action)。这就是B的内容。
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