British Education Ⅰ. British Education Acts A. 1870 Act: inspired by the example of mass【1】in Germany 【1】______ B. 190

British Education
   Good morning, everyone! Education is a vital concern throughout Britain because a highly developed nation depends upon education professionals and a skilled workforce. The literacy rate in Britain is one of the highest in the world at over 99 percent. Today’s lecture will focus on British education. First, I will introduce some education acts to you. Then it is the contrasts with American education. Finally, we will talk about types of schools in Britain.
   OK, first of all, let’s see some British education acts. (1) Britain’s first education act, in 1870, was inspired by the pioneering example of mass compulsory education in Germany. Another major education act, passed in 1902, established local education authorities (LEAs) that were responsible for providing schools and education in their areas. The act also authorized LEAs to use public funds for schools that are subordinate to the church. This policy was severely criticized by people whose children attended state schools because their taxes were used to support church schools. (2) The 1902 act also established scholarships for secondary education. An education act passed in 1977 and administered by the newly created Ministry of Education established free and compulsory secondary education up to age 15; this was increased to age 16 in 1973. An education reform act in 1988 allowed individual schools to control their own affairs and budgets, free fiom LEAs, and to receive grants directly from the government. It also established a controversial national cunrriculum, which was simplified in 1994 after complaints about its complexity.
   Compared to the United States, fewer people go on to higher education in Britain, and there is more emphasis on separating pupils at the lower levels on the basis of ability. Most British schools are funded by the central government, with local governments providing supplemental funding. England and Wales have a national curriculum of core courses for students 5 to 16 years old. National tests at the ages of 7, 11, and 14 assess students’ progress. Schools must provide religious education and daily collective worship for all pupils, although parents can withdraw their children from these. Full-time school begins at age 5 in Great Britain and at age 4 in Northern Ireland. In addition, about half of 3 and 4-year-old are enrolled in specialized nursery schools or in nursery classes at primary schools.
   In Britain, the term form is used to designate grade; old boys and old gifts refer to people who have graduated from a school. Private schools or independent schools are called public schools, a term that means just the opposite in the United States. What are called public schools in the United States are called state schools in Britain.  (3) Grammar schools are university preparatory schools, most of which have been replaced by comprehensive schools catering to students of all academic abilities. Secondary modern schools provide vocational education rather than preparation for university entrance.
   There are several types of schools in Britain. The most famous schools in Britain are private boarding schools, such as Eton College, Harrow School, Rugby, and Winchester School. These famous private schools, founded during the Middle Ages, are theoretically open to the public, (4) but in reality are attended by those who can afford the tuition. Many of Britain’s leaders have attended these private schools, which cater to the wealthy and influential but also offer some scholarships to gifted poorer children. Local authorities and the central authority also provide assistance to some families who are unable to pay the fees. Only a small percentage of the population can attend these ancient and highly prestigious schools. A variety of other schools are also private, including kindergartens, day schools and newer boarding schools. Private schools that take pupils from the age of 7 to the age of 11, 12 or 13 are called preparatory schools. Private schools that take older pupils (5) from the age of 11, 12, or 13 to 18 or 19 are often referred to as public schools. Only 7 percent of British students attend private school.
   In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the education systems are similar.  The majority of the students attend schools wholly or partly supported with public funds. These include state schools owned and funded by Local Education Authorities (LEAs) ; (6)voluntary schools established and funded mostly by religious groups; (7,8)self-governing or grant-maintained (GM) schools that receive funds directly from backer. Most pupils attend LEA schools. About 15 percent of secondary schools are GM schools.
   In Scotland, education authorities are largely independent of those in the rest of the United Kingdom, although reforms, such as raising the age at which students may leave school, are similar. Nearly all Scottish schools are comprehensive, meaning they serve students of all abilities, and school boards involve parents and professionals. Recent reforms introduced local management of schools and allow state schools to become self-governing if voters approve the change in an election. The school then receives funds directly from the central government instead of from the local authority.
   In 1997 Scotland elected to form its own legislature, separat from the Parliament in London. As a resuit, education in Scotland may change significantly after Scotland elects its own parliament in 1999. Scotland will then address its own educational issues and create its own educational authorities. These authorities will take over the responsibilities once handled by the secretary of state for Scotland and other non-Scottish educational organizations. Wales is also working toward the creation of its own governing body, the Welsh Assembly. When a Welsh Assembly is elected, it will make similar decisions regarding the Welsh education system.
   In Northern Ireland the schools are subordinate to different religious groups. Local education authorities provide for schools, but nearly all secondary students in (9)Northern Ireland attend voluntary schools’church schools maintained by either the Catholic or the Protestant church. In an attempt to break down religious segregation and provide integrated education, (10)the state established a number of integrated schools; about 2 percent of the schools population attends these schools.