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  3. The central notion of social learning theories is that people learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction

The central notion of social learning theories is that people learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction

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问题     The central notion of social learning theories is that people learn attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction. The learning is a result of reinforcement, imitation, and modeling.
    Reinforcement occurs when we receive direct or indirect rewards or punishments for particular gender role behaviors. For example, a little girl who puts on her mother’s makeup may be told that she is cute, but her brother who does the same thing will be scolded. Children also learn gender roles through indirect reinforcement. For example, if a little boy’s male friends are punished for crying, he will learn that "boys don’t cry."
    Children also learn to behave as boys or girls through observation and imitation. Even when children are not directly rewarded or punished for "behaving like boys" or "behaving like girls," they learn about gender by watching who does what in their families. A father who is rarely at home because he’s always working sends the message that men are supposed to earn money. A mother who is always complaining about being overweight or old sends the message that women are supposed to be thin and young.
    Because parents are emotionally important to their children, they are typically a child’s most powerful role models. Other role models include caregivers, teachers, friends, and celebrities. According to a multiethnic study of Los Angeles adolescents, teenagers who said that their role model was someone they knew, e. g. a parent, relative, friend, or doctor outside the family, had higher self-esteem, higher grades, and lower substance use than peers whose role models were sports figures, singers, or other media characters. The researchers concluded that role model selection can have a positive or negative outcome on a teenager’s psychosocial development.
    Social learning theories contribute to our understanding of why we behave as we do, but much of the emphasis is on early socialization rather than on what occurs throughout life. Thus, these theories don’t explain why gender roles can change in adulthood or later life. Social learning theories also don’t explain why reinforcement and modeling work for some children but not others, especially those in the same family and even identical twins.
Regarding gender role building, social learning theories attach greater importance to socialization in one’s childhood than in their______.
选项
答案adulthood or later life
解析 细节辨认题。定位句提到，社会学习理论把重心放在了早期的社会化上，而不关注一生中发生了什么。再结合第二句，社会学习理论不能解释性别角色在人成年后或者在后来的生活中会发生改变的原因。由此可见，社会学习理论并未强调人成年后或者在后来的生活中发生的事。题干中的socialization in one’s childhood与原文中的early socialization表述一致，故答案为adulthood or later life。
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