首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that s
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that s
admin
2016-04-30
30
问题
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavors. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for half a century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of "positive reinforcement" have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of daily life, from the home and classroom to the workplace. Don’t want to take the trash out? Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interested in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you’ll make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance. "Our society is caught in a whopping paradox," asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book Punished by Rewards(Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. "We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems—dangling rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people—is partly responsible for the fix we’re in."
It’s tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long-term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.
In paragraph 2, "calculus" probably refers to "_____".
选项
A、a course
B、a sport
C、a kind of public service
D、a position in the student union
答案
A
解析
本题要求通过上下文推测出生词的词义。calculus出现在原文第2段倒数第三句,设问之后紧接着作者回答说,只要在课堂努力争取得到A(美国课程评分系统中的一个等级水平),就可以上光荣榜,可见calculus是一门课程,即a course。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/pLyFFFFM
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Likemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseeh
FilmSchoolsA)Filmschoolsandfilmdirectingschoolsprovideaspiringfilmstudentswithasolidunderstandingofthemanyfac
FilmSchoolsA)Filmschoolsandfilmdirectingschoolsprovideaspiringfilmstudentswithasolidunderstandingofthemanyfac
Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceoffice
Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceoffice
A、SheisthesupervisoroftheHRdepartment.B、HerfriendisthesupervisoroftheHRdepartment.C、Shecanhelpthemantoget
Nowadaysmoreandmoreforeignenterprisesandcompaniesarenolongerrelyingoninterviewsfor【B1】______.Yearsofstudyingi
Nowadaysmoreandmoreforeignenterprisesandcompaniesarenolongerrelyingoninterviewsfor【B1】______.Yearsofstudyingi
A、Themanshouldphonethehotelfordirections.B、Themancanaskthedepartmentstoreforhelp.C、Shedoesn’thavethehotel’s
Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.Nochildimitatese
随机试题
Whydowelaugh?Foryearsscientistshaveaskedthemselvesthisquestion.Noanimalslaughandsmile—onlyhumanbeingsdo.Sod
某患者,女,40岁,喜爱编织毛衣,3年来逐渐出现右肘关节外侧疼痛,握拳、伸腕时疼痛加重,近期出现扭毛巾时疼痛明显。查体:右肘外侧压痛(+),关节活动度正常。X线片提示关节间隙正常。本患者查体时可发现
定经汤的组成药物是固本止崩汤的组成药物是
除有关节肿痛外.对类风湿关节炎诊断最有意义的表现
根据我国民事诉讼法的规定,下列哪些案件被告住所地法院有管辖权?
我国“四大民间传说”指的是()。
在一切监督力量中,党对公安工作的监督具有第一位的意义。()
关于四川的少数民族,下列说法正确的是()。
关于下列两行HTML码,描述正确的是______。<ahref="image.gif">picture</a><IMGonClick=over(this)title=放大src="image.gif"alt="picture">
电子政务系统是采用先进的计算机技术和网络通信技术构建成的一个高质量、高效率、【】的办公系统。
最新回复
(
0
)