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  3. The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers larg

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers larg

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问题     The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.  Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. (47)Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
    (48)An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. (49)If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
    The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. (50)In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
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答案在以市场为导向的经济中，很重要的一个因素就是用来表达消费者需求并使生产商能对消费者需求作出反应的机制。
解析 本句是一个复合句，其中by之前的部分为主干，by之后的部分是一个定语从句，是理解的难点所在，因为中国人一般不习惯阅读带介词的动词词组的被动形式，遇到这类问题时的解决办法是将被动结构(responded to by producers)转换为主动结构(producers respond to consumer needs)，就是说在responded to by producers中，作出反应的是producers，反应的对象是consumer demands．
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