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  3. England and France are separated by 22 miles of open ocean at their closest point. Attempts to swim the English Channel have bee

England and France are separated by 22 miles of open ocean at their closest point. Attempts to swim the English Channel have bee

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问题      England and France are separated by 22 miles of open ocean at their closest point. Attempts to swim the English Channel have been made by people of all ages and from various walks of life. Each swimmer is drawn to the famous channel for different reasons, but each has the same goal—to conquer the Channel.
     The English Channel was first crossed in 1875 by Matthew Webb, an Englishman, who swam breaststroke from Dover, England, to Calais, France. Since then, over 3, 700 people have made approximately 4, 500 attempts on the Channel. Only 297 people (199 men and 98 women), however, have successfully duplicated Webb’s remarkable achievement.
     Cold water, rough sea, strong currents, heavy winds and jellyfish are among the many reasons why the success is so slow. Attempts are usually made between late July and mid-October when the water temperature reaches a tolerable level (57-62 degrees Fahrenheit). Swimmers and escort crews must wait for periods of calm seas and light winds lasting 10-20 hours. Much to the frustration of the athletes and their coaches and crews, the weather may only cooperate a few clays each year. Once in the Channel, swimmers are always at the mercy of the elements since temperature, winds and currents can change hourly. Quite often, luck and good timing play as important a role in a swimmer’s success as proper physical training and mental preparation.
     As a result of bogus claims of success, the Channel Swimming Association was established to authenticate all crossings. The Association also issues a list of knowledgeable navigators and provides invaluable advice to those intending to attempt the swim. Interested individuals should notify the Association of their plans several months in advance.
      Most swimmers attempt to swim from Dover’s Shakespeare Beach in England to Cap Griz-Nez, France. Matthew Webb’s time of 21 hours and 45 minutes in 1875 has been significantly reduced to 7 hours and 40 minutes—a record set by Penny Lee Dean in 1978. In 1961, Channel swimming entered a new era when Antonio Abertondo from Argentina successfully completed the first double crossing (England-France-England) in 43 hours and 10 minutes. This record now stands at 17 hours and 56 minutes, set by New Zealander Philip Rush in 1985. Remarkably, Cindy Nicholas from Canada has successfully made a double crossing on five separate occasions. And, after years of trying, Jon Erickson from Chicago made the first and only triple crossing of the Channel in 1981 in 38 hours and 37 minutes.
     Channel swimmers come in all ages, abilities and backgrounds. Two 12-year-old English schoolchildren have completed the Channel on separate occasions. James, a famous swimming coach, completed the swim    in September of 1979 at the age of 58. Sixty-five-year-old Ashby Taylor and 47-year-old Stella Taylor are the oldest male and female swimmers currently on record. Swimmers with various disabilities (polio, blindness, missing limbs) have also been successful. These athletes, whether they ultimately succeed or fail, are shining examples of the indomitable human spirit.
Once in the Channel, a swimmer’s success often depends on whether
选项 A、he is well trained.
B、he is mentally prepared.
C、he has a strong will.
D、the weather pattern changes suddenly.
答案D
解析 细节题。根据文章第三段提到的“Once in the Channel, swimmers are always at the mercy of the elements since temperature, winds and currents can change hourly," the elements在这里表示“自然力量，特别是恶劣或严寒气候的自然力量”，根据since后的从句也可以判断出，本题选D ，取决于天气是否会突然发生变化。
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