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  3. We hear a lot about lying these days. Politicians saying whatever they need to get elected. Business people saying whatever to m

We hear a lot about lying these days. Politicians saying whatever they need to get elected. Business people saying whatever to m

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问题     We hear a lot about lying these days. Politicians saying whatever they need to get elected. Business people saying whatever to make a profit. Criminals insisting they did not commit the crimes they were caught doing. Even actors and community leaders lie to keep their positive public image. It seems that lying is more pervasive these days than it ever has. But whether that is the case or not is up for debate. There just may be more reasons to hear about lying or to find out if someone is lying.
    One way to consider the prevalence of lying is to consider if it exists for all animal species. Other animals have been in social groups for much longer than humans. Has lying been an issue with those animals as well? If so, then how long has lying been around? When you review studies on animals, you find that lying or being "deceitful" has been around for as long as any animal species have been in social groups. This has been known for quite some time. What has been found recently is that animals will be deceitful to members of their own species. Previous research emphasized that animals would use deceit (what we refer to as "lying") to protect themselves from predators.
    Considering lying, along with other behaviors we might consider to be immoral, is an interesting topic in recent academic works. This includes the book chapter "Immoral-like Behavior in Animals’ written by David Steinberg. Reading this chapter is a reminder that nonhuman animals face lying issues with many of the same behaviors as in human social groups. It is useful to keep this in mind when recognizing that human and nonhuman animals are equally complex and multi-layered in how they treat members of their own species.
    But when we consider the term "lying”, and how it exists in the animal and the non-animal world, it is also useful to note that it actually does not occur that often. Being deceitful about intentions or behaviors might be something animals do on occasion to put them in a better spot for survival. But doing this takes a lot of energy and effort that it is often not worth the cost. It is similar to how we humans will say that lying is "not worth it" because "then you have to remember what lie you told and tell another lie to explain the first lie". Similarly, an animal who might deceive other members of its group about where it found food so that it can have food for its own survival, then has to remember where it actually found the food while deceiving others.
    When considering why there seems to be pervasive "lying" these days, it might be useful to consider how much of it is actually " lying". " Lying" is a term for telling something that is completely false to obtain a desired outcome. Humans use the term "lying" for a lot of situations that might not actually be total deception. Animals do not lie that often. Likewise, humans, also, probably lie a lot less often than they are accused of. Using the term "lying" might be more often used for convenience rather than accuracy. Lies are totally, or almost totally, false and typically have a specific purpose of deceiving another individual.
David Steinberg’s "Immoral-like Behavior in Animals" indicates that ________.
选项 A、there is some similarity in the lying behavior between human beings and animals
B、social groups are everywhere and are a basic part of human and nonhuman animals’ life
C、the deceitful human behaviors are more sophisticated than animals’ lying behavior
D、people perceive a lie as immoral if the lie inflicts harm on other people in society
答案A
解析 细节题。根据题干关键词Immoral-like Behavior in Animals定位到第三段。大卫.斯坦伯格在“动物的不道德行为”一文中主要提到了非人类动物面临撒谎问题时会展现出许多与人类社会群体相同的行为，也就是动物和人在撒谎问题上会展现出一些相似之处，因此答案选[A]。[B][D]文中没有提到；[C]与文义相反。
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