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  3. In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing throug

In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing throug

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问题     In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing through you. Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.
    These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can’t change your behaviour by simply resolving to do something. Knowing what to do is not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a dam that can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It’s more like a muscle, which tires easily. Moreover, you’re a social being. If everybody around you is overeating, you’ll probably do so, too.
    The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding of free will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.
    Much of our behaviour, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit, not actual decisions. Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits—cue, routine, reward.
    You can change your own personal habits. If you leave running shorts on the floor at night, that’ll be a cue to go running in the morning. Don’t try to ignore your afternoon snack craving. Every time you feel the cue for a snack, insert another routine. Take a walk.
    Their research thus implies a different character model, which is supposed to manipulate the neural(神经系统) networks inside.
    To be an effective person, under this model, you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits, and the habits of those under your care. You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines. Every relationship becomes slightly manipulative, including your relationship with yourself. You’re trying to arouse certain responses by implanting certain cues.
    This is a bit disturbing, because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings, like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.
    If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you’re probably wrong. As the Victorians understood, if you want to change your life, don’t just look for a clever cue. Commit to some larger global belief.
What is the main implication of the research at Duke University?
选项 A、Habit is key to one’s behaviour.
B、One’s behaviour is difficult to change.
C、Both habit and will power are important.
D、Habit has an unidentified structure.
答案A
解析 推断题。由题干中的the research at Duke University定位到原文第四段第二句。由第四段第二句“Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit，not actual decisions．”可知，杜克大学的研究人员们推测，我们超过40％的行为由习惯控制，而并非实际的决定，由此可推知，[A]含义与文意相符，故为答案。[B]在原文关于杜克大学的研究中并未提及，故排除；[C]“意志力与习惯同样重要”，在杜克大学的研究中也并未提及，故排除；由第四段末句“Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits—cue，routine，reward”可知，[D]与此表述相反，排除。
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