首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
While no woman has been President of the United States,yet the world does have several thousand years’ worth of experience with
While no woman has been President of the United States,yet the world does have several thousand years’ worth of experience with
admin
2011-02-11
32
问题
While no woman has been President of the United States,yet the world does have several thousand years’ worth of experience with female leaders. And I have to acknowledge it: Their historical record puts men’s to shame.
A notable share of the great leaders in history have been women: Queen Hatshepsut and Cleopatra of Egypt,Empress Wu Zetian of China,Isabella of Castile,Queen Elizabeth I of England,Catherine the Great of Russia,and Maria Theresa of Austria. Granted,I’m neglecting the likes of Bloody Mary,but it’s still true that those women who climbed to power in monarchies had an astonishingly high success rate.
Research by political’ psychologists points to possible explanations. Scholars find that women,compared with men,tend to excel in consensus-building and certain other skills useful in leadership. If so,why have female political leaders been so much less impressive in the democratic era? Margaret Thatcher was a transformative figure,but women have been mediocre prime ministers or presidents in countries like Sri Lanka,India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,the Philippines and Indonesia. Often,they haven’t even addressed the urgent needs of women in those countries.
I have a pet theory about what’s going on.
In monarchies,women who rose to the top dealt mostly with a narrow elite,so they could prove themselves and get on with governing. But in democracies in the television age,female leaders also have to navigate public prejudices and these make democratic politics far more challenging for a woman than for a man.
In one common experiment,the "Goldberg paradigm," people are asked to evaluate a particular article or speech,supposedly by a man. Others are asked to evaluate the identical presentation,but from a woman. Typically,in countries all over the world,the very same words are rated higher coming from a man.
In particular,one lesson from this research is that promoting their own successes is a helpful strategy for ambitious men. But experiments have demonstrated that when women highlight their accomplishments,that’s a turn-off. And women seem even more offended by self-promoting females than men are.
This creates a huge challenge for ambitious women in politics or business: If they’re self-effacing,people find them unimpressive,but if they talk up their accomplishments,they come across as. pushy braggarts.
The broader conundrum is that for women,but not for men,there is a tradeoff in qualities associated with top leadership. A woman can be perceived as competent or as likable,but not both.
"It’s an uphill struggle,to be judged both a good woman and a good leader,"said Rosabeth Moss Kanter,a Harvard Business School professor who is an expert on women in leadership. Professor Kanter added that a pioneer in a man’s world,like Hillary Rodham Clinton,also faces scrutiny on many more dimensions than a man--witness the public debate about Mrs. Clinton’s allegedly "thick ankles,"or the headlines last year about cleavage.
Clothing and appearance generally matter more for women than for men,research shows. Surprisingly,several studies have found that it’s actually a disadvantage for a woman to be physically attractive when applying for a managerial job. Beautiful applicants received lower ratings,apparently because they were subconsciously pegged as stereotypically female and therefore unsuited for a job as a boss.
Female leaders face these impossible judgments all over the world. An M. I. T. economist,Esther Duilo,looked at India,which has required female leaders in one-third of village councils since the mid-1990s. Professor Duflo and her colleagues found that by objective standards,the women ran the villages better than men. For example,women constructed and maintained wells better,and took fewer bribes.
Yet ordinary villagers themselves judged the women as having done a worse job,and so most women were not re-elected. That seemed to result from simple prejudice. Professor Duflo asked villagers to listen to a speech,identical except that it was given by a man in some cases and by a woman in others. Villagers gave the speech much lower marks when it was given by a woman.
Such prejudices can be overridden after voters actually see female leaders in action. While the first ones received dismal evaluations,the second round of female leaders in the villages were rated the same as men. "Exposure reduces prejudice," Professor Duflo suggested.
Women have often quipped that they have to be twice as good as men to get anywhere--but that,fortunately,is not difficult. In fact,it appears that it may be difficult after all. Modern democracies may empower deep prejudices and thus constrain female leaders in ways that ancient monarchies did not.
The second paragraph
选项
A、contradicts the first paragraph.
B、has no connection with the first paragraph.
C、exemplifies the idea of the first paragraph.
D、repeats the argument of the first paragraph.
答案
C
解析
篇章结构题。文章在第一段最后指出:Their historical record puts men’s to shame.即女性领袖的历史功绩让男性相形见绌,继而在第二段中具体举例在历史上建立丰功伟绩的女王,并给予高度评价,例证了第一段的观点内容。故[C]为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/ktuYFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
EducationalValuesDuringthefirstweekatNorthAmericanuniversities,studentsmustdoafewthingsinpreparation,solif
BasicCulturalTypesAsbusinessgoesglobal,businessmenhavecometofindthepeopleindifferentculturesactquitediffer
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph’sfidelitytoappea
Thecentralquestioniswhetherwehaveallowedaculturetodevelopthatdisablespeopleforthechallengesofmarriage.Social
1Betweenabout1910and1930,newartisticmovementsinEuropeanartweremakingthemselvesfeltintheUnitedStates.Amer
TheUnitedStateshasamajorracialproblemonitshands.True,Britainisfacingasimilarproblem,butforthetimebeingit
Thedestructionofournaturalresourcesandcontaminationofourfoodsupplycontinuetooccur,largelybecauseoftheextreme
ThesettingsofmostnovelsbyHardyarefoundin______,thefictionalprimitiveruralregionthatisreallythehomeplacehe
A、nationaleconomy.B、adultpopulation.C、youngchildren.D、nationalcurrency.C本题的关键在于把握题干中的themostdamagingeffect,掌握这一点后就比较
Values,Characteristics,PersonalHabitsandCourtesiesofAmericansAlthoughAmericanshategeneralizationsandholdaneth
随机试题
男,32岁,因患再生障碍性贫血需要输血,当输入红细胞悬液约200毫升时,突然畏寒,发热,呕吐一次,尿呈酱油样,血压10.0/6.0kPa(75/45mmHg)。该患者最有可能是下列哪一种输血不良反应(并发症)
高血压患者伴有隐性糖尿病,不宜选用哪种药物
根据《中华人民共和国城乡规划法》,近期建设规划应当以()为重点内容,明确近期建设的时序、发展方向和空间布局。①重要基础设施;②公共服务设施;③中低收入居民住房建设;④生态环境保护
基金管理人依法发售基金份额,募集基金,应当向国务院证券监管机构提交(),并经管理机构核准。
旅行社在组织旅游者旅游之前应与其签订合同。合同中应约定()等内容。
王某,男性,33岁,已婚,硕士研究生,单身在外工作(夫妻分居)。自我陈述:担心、紧张、烦躁不安、怀疑自己生病2年,自己就诊。2年前,由于工作应酬陪客人喝酒。可能是喝多的原因,我糊涂地与一个歌厅小姐发生了一次性关系,以后再未往来,也无其他类似经历,但我在
法国著名教育家卢梭的教育著作是()
某学生学习英语“t”时,发出的总是汉语拼音“t”的音,这种心理现象是()。
刑法分则条文的结构是()。
【B1】【B6】
最新回复
(
0
)