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Scientists researching hypnosis have uncovered evidence that counters some of the skepticism about the technique. One ske
Scientists researching hypnosis have uncovered evidence that counters some of the skepticism about the technique. One ske
admin
2011-01-17
31
问题
Scientists researching hypnosis have uncovered evidence that counters
some of the skepticism about the technique. One skeptical hypothesis is that
hypnosis may be the product of "vivid imagination", a now discredited charge
Line stemming from the observation that many people who are hypnotizable can be
(5) led to experience compellingly realistic auditory and visual hallucinations.
Noting that an auditory hallucination and the act of imagining a sound are both
self-generated and that, like real hearing, a hallucination is experienced as the
product of an external source, Henry Szechtman used PET (positron emission
tomography) to image the brain activity of hypnotized subjects invited to
(10) imagine a scenario and then experiencing a hallucination. By monitoring
regional blood flow in areas activated during both hearing and auditory
hallucination but not during simple imagining, the investigators sought to
determine where in the brain a hallucinated sound is mistakenly "tagged" as
authentic and originating in the outside world.
(15) Szechtman imaged the brain activity of eight very hypnotizable subjects
who had been prescreened for their ability to hallucinate under hypnosis. During
the session, the subjects were under hypnosis and lay in the PET scanner with
their eyes covered, their brain activity being monitored under four conditions:
at rest; while hearing an audiotape of a voice, while imagining hearing the voice
(20) again; and during the auditory hallucination they experienced after being
informed that the tape was playing once more, although it was not. The tests
suggested that a region of the brain called the right anterior cingulate cortex
was just as active while the volunteers were hallucinating as it was while they
were actually hearing the stimulus. In contrast, that brain area remained
(25) dormant while the subjects were imagining that they heard the stimulus.
The second major objection raised by critics argues that hypnosis’ ability to
blunt pain results from either simple relaxation or a placebo response.
McGlashan established that while hypnosis was only as effective in reducing pain
as a sugar pill for poorly hypnotizable people, highly hypnotizable subjects
(30) benefited three times more from hypnosis than from the placebo. In response to
these successes, Rainville devised experiments to determine which brain
structures are involved in pain relief during hypnosis, attempting to locate the
brain structures associated with the suffering component of pain, as distinct
from its sensory aspects. Using PET, he and other scientists found that
(35) hypnosis reduced the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex-an area known to
be involved in pain-but did not affect the activity of the somatosensory cortex,
where the sensations of pain are processed.
Despite the value of these findings, the mechanisms underlying hypnotic
pain relief are still poorly understood. The model favored by most researchers is
(40) that the analgesic effect of hypnosis occurs in higher brain centers than those
involved in registering the painful sensation, accounting for the fact that most
autonomic responses that routinely accompany pain-such as increased heart
rate-are relatively unaffected by hypnotic suggestions of analgesia.
The research described in the passage is primarily concerned with answering which of the following questions?
选项
A、How can researchers reproduce the useful effects of hypnosis in a medical setting?
B、How are experiments devoted to disproving the "vivid imagination" objection to hypnosis different from those devoted to disproving the "placebo effect" thesis?
C、What research guarantees the reality of the effects that hypnosis has on brain activity, and what is their causal mechanism?
D、What technical advances have permitted researchers to reject skeptical explanations of the phenomenon of hypnosis?
E、What relationship does brain activity have to the subjective experience of the hypnosis phenomenon?
答案
C
解析
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