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  3. Motorists are easily distracted from watching the road ahead by an urge to phone friends, send text messages and search for song

Motorists are easily distracted from watching the road ahead by an urge to phone friends, send text messages and search for song

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问题    Motorists are easily distracted from watching the road ahead by an urge to phone friends, send text messages and search for songs on portable music-players. The "distracted driving" has plagued the American roads in recent years. This year, the American Government moves towards enacting legislation to prohibit using hand-held devices while driving. A bill introduced in July by Charles Schumer, a senator from New York, would encourage individual states to ban motorists’ use of hand-held phones by threatening to withhold 25% of federal highway funds from those that failed to do so.
   【R1】__________
   Your correspondent’s in-car navigation system can transfer his mobile phone’s incoming calls to the vehicle’s audio system and play them automatically. Using simple voice commands, he can also dial out, hands-free, to a dozen or so people listed in his phone’s address book.
   【R2】__________
   As many motorists do when trying to multi-task while driving, he unconsciously slows down—and, in the process, quite possibly becomes a greater hazard to other road users. If the conversation gets tense or complicated, he may be consciously forced to pull over to the side of the road and stop. Both hands may be on the steering wheel, and the eyes scanning the road ahead and the mirrors all round, but the brain is elsewhere.
   Cognitive researchers at Carnegie Mellon University reckon that just listening to a conversation can reduce activity in the region of the brain associated with spatial- and visual-information processing (the part used for driving) by as much as 37%. 【R3】__________This is what causes motorists to miscalculate distances and drive too close to the car ahead.
   Modem motorists may live in a multitasking age, but few people can actually do two things at once without skimping on one, or both, of them. It takes a great deal of training and practice to become a genuine multi-tasker. Concert pianists, who strive for complete independence of movement for each hand, are among the very few to achieve it. Everyone else does time-sharing, constantly switching from one task to another. But the switching itself takes time—typically a second or so—while the brain refocuses attention back to the previous task. 【R4】__________How often have you heard drivers claim they never saw the object they hit?
   The issue is thus not whether America should ban the use of mobile phones while driving. That is really a no-brainer. 【R5】__________ Great progress has been made in developing driver aids that push gently a distracted motorist who is drifting out of lane, or getting too close to the car ahead and failing to notice it is braking hard.
   [A] Get interrupted during that dead instant (a sudden splash of mud on the windscreen will suffice) and the brain can revert to what it was doing before—say, operating a phone instead of checking the road ahead—and thereby overlook the pedestrian who has stepped out onto the road.
   [B] Although there is no physical distraction, he finds himself having to compensate for the extra cognitive workload involved in even a hands-free telephone conversation.
   [C] Banning the use of hand-held phones and other gizmos while driving is all well and good. But, in doing so, the inference is that it is then fine for motorists to use hands-free devices to make calls while on the road. But hands-free has problems, too.
   [D] But legislation alone can’t deal with the problem of distracted drivers, who with a moment’s inattention can turn their vehicles into lethal weapons.
   [E] The last thing motorists need is yet more gadgets in vehicles to distract them still further. But if the technology is used to augment their attention, rather than challenge it, then perhaps the growth of driver distraction may yet be contained.
   [F] Moreover, cheap technology can be added to motor vehicles that block certain phone functions, such as texting and dialing, while the operator is driving. The bigger issue is how to devise still better means for guiding a motorist’s attention.
   [G] Cognitive distraction causes drivers to focus on a narrow space ahead, with little awareness of what is going on around them—something researchers call "inattentional blindness".
【R2】
选项
答案B
解析 此空同样位于段首。上一段末讲述了使用免提通话的情况，提到使用免提不需要用手，只通过声控也可以打电话。空格后讲驾驶者在通话中是如何不自觉地分心。可见空格处的内容应该谈到驾驶员在行车中通话，各选项中只有B提及了a hands-free telephone conversation。B指出即便使用免提通话时没有额外的动作，驾驶员也会因此分神，与上段末语义衔接，其中no physical distraction与上段末提到的车内免提装置相呼应；而空格后则是对B中having to compensate for the extra cognitive workload的展述，说明具体免提通话是如何影响驾驶者的心神。故确定本题选B。
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