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  3. Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great l

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great l

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问题     Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It has also had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
    Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions "What happened?" and "How did it happen?" have given way to the question "Why did it happen?" Prominent among the methods used to answer the question "Why" is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
    Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical context. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this practical use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their lightness of their theses. Psychohisotrians, convinced of the absolute lightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event, which other explanations fall short of the truth.
    Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history(in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.
It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usually______.
选项 A、views past events as complex and having their own individuality
B、relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events
C、interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended
D、turns to psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for events
答案A
解析 细节推理题。根据题干关键词traditional history与原文尾段第三句中的the past对应，据此定位。原句中的events与选项A重现，原句中的their individuality and of their complexity与选项A中的complex，individuality对应。故答案为A。
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