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  3. All day long, you are affected by large forces. Genes influence your intelligence and willingness to take risks. Social dynamics

All day long, you are affected by large forces. Genes influence your intelligence and willingness to take risks. Social dynamics

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问题     All day long, you are affected by large forces. Genes influence your intelligence and willingness to take risks. Social dynamics unconsciously shape your choices. Instantaneous (瞬间 的) perceptions set off neutral reactions in your head without you even being aware of them.
    Over the past few years, scientists have made a series of exciting discoveries about how these deep patterns influence daily life. Nobody has done more to bring these discoveries to public attention than Malcolm Gladwell.
    Gladwell’s new book Outliers seems at first glance to be a description of exceptionally talented individuals. But in fact, it’s another book about deep patterns. Exceptionally successful people are not lone pioneers who created their own success, he argues. They are the lucky beneficiaries of social arrangements.
    Gladwell’s noncontroversial claim is that some people have more opportunities than others. Bill Gates was lucky to go to a great private school with its own computer at the dawn of the information revolution.
    Gladwell’s book is being received by reviewers as a call to action for the Obama Age. It could lead policy makers to finally reject policies built on the assumption that people are coldly rational profit-maximizing individuals. It could cause them to focus more on policies that foster relationships, social bonds and cultures of achievement.
    Yet, I can’t help but feel that Gladwell and others who share his emphasis are preoccupied with the coolness of the discoveries. They’ve lost sight of the point at which the influence of social forces ends and the influence of the self-initiating individual begins.
    Most successful people begin with two beliefs: the future can be better than the present, and I have the power to make it so. They were often showered by good fortunes, but relied at crucial moments upon achievements of individual will. These people also have an extraordinary ability to consciously focus their attention. Control of attention is the ultimate individual power. People who can do that are not prisoners of the stimuli around them. They can choose from the patterns in the world and lengthen their time horizons.
    Gladwell’s social determinism overlooks the importance of individual character and individual creativity. And it doesn’t fully explain the genuine greatness of humanity’s talents. As the classical philosophers understood, examples of individual greatness inspire achievement more reliably than any other form of education.
What do we learn from the last paragraph?
选项 A、One’s success is more closely related to individual character and creativity.
B、Individual greatness is mainly determined by genes and good education.
C、Good luck is indispensable if people want to achieve extraordinarily successful.
D、The influence of social forces has been underestimated before Malcolm Gladwell.
答案A
解析 根据题干中的the last paragraph将本题出处定位到末段。该段首句提到，Gladwell的社会决定论忽视了个体个性和个体创造力的重要性，也就是说，个体个性和个体创造力对成功也有重要影响。末句提到，个体伟大的例子比任何形式的教育都会更有把握地带来成就，也就是说，一个人的成就与其伟大有更大的联系，而个体个性和创造力是个体伟大的一部分。由此可知，一个人的成就与其个性和创造力有更大的联系，故答案为[A]。末句只是将个体伟大和教育对成就的影Ⅱ向作比较，并未说个体伟大是由教育决定，且末段未提及genes，故排除[B]；[C]是Gladwell而非作者的观点；[D]是针对末段首句提到的overlooks设的干扰项。
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大学英语四级

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