首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION 1 By the close of the eighteenth century, the outlines of a world economy were clearly visible.C
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION 1 By the close of the eighteenth century, the outlines of a world economy were clearly visible.C
admin
2012-01-14
34
问题
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
1 By the close of the eighteenth century, the outlines of a world economy were clearly visible.Centered in Western Europe, it included Russia, India, the East Indies, the Middle East, northern and western Africa, and the Americas.Trade had increased greatly and shipping had grown in volume and speed, connecting the markets of the world more closely than ever before.
The world market, however, was confined to the coasts and along rivers, and its effects were rarely felt a hundred miles inland.
The expansion of economic activity into the interior, and its spread throughout China, Japan, Oceania, and Africa, was a major development of the nineteenth century.It was largely accomplished through a revolution in transportation, particularly the development of the steamship, canals, and railroads.
2 Since the fifteenth century, the wooden sailing ship had been the main instrument of European economic and political expansion.Sailing ships constantly grew in carrying capacity and speed with improvements in design, and they were built of easily available materials.The age of sailing ships reached its
zenith
in the middle of the nineteenth century, the era of the great ocean-plying clippers that carried the majority of international trade.
3 Before 1850, the bulk of internal trade was carried by water.In Western Europe, there had been several attempts to supplement the excellent river network with canals.However, it was the demands of the Industrial Revolution, particularly the need to transport huge quantities of coal, that stimulated large-scale canal building in the years 1760-1850, first in Britain and then in Western Europe and the United States.The introduction of steamboats gave an additional
impetus
to river navigation and canal construction.The steamship rose in stature in the 1870s, when technical progress reduced the amount of coal the steam engine consumed.Technical innovation, along with the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, enabled the steamship to surpass the sailing ship as the chief instrument of international trade.
4 Methods of land transport continued to be slow, uncertain, and expensive until the
boom
in railroad construction at mid century.In 1840 there were 5,500 miles of rail track throughout the world; just twenty years later, there were 66,000 miles.Of these, 50 percent were in North America and 47 percent were in Europe.The rail lines built during that period served populated areas where considerable economic activity already existed, yet a global ideology of railroads gradually emerged: the belief that railroads could populate and bring wealth to undeveloped regions.
5 In Britain and the United States, private companies built hundreds of uncoordinated rail projects, but in continental Europe railroad construction became a concern of the state, which provided overall control and a large share of capital.Until 1914, the building of railroads remained the most important reason for the export of capital as well as the main method of developing new territories.British capital financed the majority of the railroads built in India, Canada, and Latin America.The U.S.transcontinental railroad played a key role in populating and developing huge tracts of land in North America, as did the Trans-Siberian Railway in Asia.
6 In the course of the nineteenth century, around 9 million square miles of land were settled in North and South America and Oceania.This was made possible by the decline in transportation costs, which greatly extended the area from which bulky products such as grains and minerals could be marketed.The introduction of
refrigeration
on railcars and steamers in the 1870s opened huge markets for meat, dairy products, and fruit in North America and Europe.The 1870s also saw the adoption of steel rails, electric signals, compressed-air brakes, and other inventions that made railroads a leading source of technical innovation in the nineteenth century.
7 In the world context, the rise of the railroad was inseparable from that of the steamship.The economic and geographic consequences of these two innovations complemented one another.Both had the effect of increasing the size of markets as well as the amount of economic activity worldwide.
Glossary:
clipper:a sailing ship that was built for great speed
Which of the following is given as a reason for the rise of the steamship over the sailing ship?
选项
A、Wood for the construction of sailing ships became scarce.
B、The steamship could travel at faster speeds than the sailing ship.
C、Steamships were better than sailing ships at navigating canals.
D、Technical advances made the steamship require less coal.
答案
D
解析
A reason given for the rise of the steamship over the sailing ship was that technical advances made the steamship require less coal.Clues: The steamship rose in stature in the 1870s, when technical progress reduced the amount of coal the steam engine consumed.Technical innovation...enabled the steamship to surpass the sailing ship as the chic, f instrument of international trade.(1.1)
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/filYFFFM
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes21-26onyourans
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes5-8onyouanswersheet,writeTRUE
Completethenotesusingthelistofwords,A-I,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-I,inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet.
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.RobertLo
HowdesertsareformedA.Adesertreferstoabarrensectionofland,mainlyinaridandsemi-aridareas,wherethereisal
TheInnovationofGroceryStoresA.Attheverybeginningofthe20thcentury,theAmericangrocerystoresofferedcomprehen
Timekeeper:InventionofMarineChronometerA.Uptothemiddleofthe18thcentury,thenavigatorswerestillunabletoexa
Thestoryillustratesthatdogsare______animals.【17】
Thievesoftentargetstudents’homesbecausestudents______.Theinsurancecompanyhasa24______.
Whichcolumnofthebarchartrepresentsthefiguresquoted?Buyshock-absorbinginserts
随机试题
濡脉的主病是
可以灭活C3b的成分是
违约风险最低的债券是()。
甲公司为股份有限公司,所得税税率25%,法定盈余公积的计提比例为10%。甲公司20×3年年初股本2000万元,资本公积1000万元,盈余公积1000万元,未分配利润5000万元。20×3年度发生的有关交易或事项如下:(1)以每股11元发行普通股1
战略性绩效管理的特点不包括()。
民营经济在建设浙江经济大省中发挥了极其重要的作用。但是,众多民营企业缺乏自主品牌,产品同构同质、附加值低,产业转型升级已成为浙江经济可持续发展的当务之急。此,政府应该()。
教育立法必须从教育工作的实际情况出发,从现实国情出发,从社会生产力的发展水平出发,从已有的经济基础出发。这体现了教育立法的()。
某公安局监察人员在现场督察中发现本局一名民警酒后驾车,当即予以批评和纠正,但该民警态度恶劣,拒不接受批评和纠正,引起群众围观。根据《公安机关督察条例》的规定,督察人员可以将其带离现场,并作出停止执行职务的决定。()
某项目经理在执行项目时,在详细了解了项目所需要采购的产品和服务后,制订了包含如下所示的采购说明书模板让采购人员填写,该工作说明书中缺少了_______。表XX项目采购工作说明书样本1.采购目标的详细描述2.采购工作范围
下列二叉树描述中,正确的是()。
最新回复
(
0
)