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  3. There was a time when ’sustainable development’ meant economic development and growth—not, as we know it today, environmentally

There was a time when ’sustainable development’ meant economic development and growth—not, as we know it today, environmentally

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问题     There was a time when ’sustainable development’ meant economic development and growth—not, as we know it today, environmentally sustainable development. The change in meaning can be traced to the 1987 report Our Common Future, involving social scientists, natural scientists, industrialists, environmentalists and policymakers emerging from their silos to talk to each other to understand how humans alter the global environment. It helped such collaborative processes to become mainstream, alongside the idea of treating the environment and development as one issue.
    Some fields quickly grasped that interdisciplinary work is essential to understanding environmental change, and to mitigating—or adapting to—its effects. Confirming a human cause for climate change required the combined efforts of meteorologists, oceanographers and geographers, among others. Replacing the ozone-depleting chemicals used in spray cans and refrigerators needed chemists to talk to product designers. But, as a report this week in Nature Sustainability shows, other fields have not got so far in their interdisciplinary journey.
    Behavioral science has an existing and essential relationship to the built environment: we have to study how people live, work and move to create liveable buildings and towns. But the group established that, when it comes to sustainability, there’s room for closer working, and the report amounts to an agenda for joint research. Potential questions include: how do architects and designers make decisions? To what extent can behavioural science in other contexts be applied to sustainable design and architecture? Do architects feel a duty to promote responsible energy use?
    Cross-disciplinary working requires careful communication and confidence-building. As the example of defining sustainable development shows, disciplines have their own languages and can interpret terms differently.
    One way to ease disciplinary tensions could be to underscore that sustainability calls for behavioural change at all levels—necessitating more research across all sectors. Governments, for example, often interact with independent researchers who study how to improve policy, including how government itself needs to adapt if it is to drive sustainability more effectively. Similarly, business schools produce case studies on how companies can adapt to facilitate that change. Behavioural research could help all of us—individuals and communities—to make changes to how we behave, whether it is taking more public transport or just turning the thermostat down a degree.
    Along with governments, industry and individuals, the built environment consumes energy and produces waste, which makes it just as pivotal to sustainability. As the Nature Sustainability report says, collaborating effectively and learning from each other can be tough. But considering the planetary situation, not doing so has much higher costs.
By citing the example of replacing the ozone-depleting chemicals, the author tries to
选项 A、emphasize that joint effort is the pivot to sustainability
B、illustrate that human behaviors contribute to ozone depletion
C、highlight the failure of interdisciplinary cooperation
D、prove the harm of chemicals in spray cans and refrigerators
答案 A
解析 根据题干关键词replacing the ozone-depleting chemicals可以定位至第二段。段落首句介绍一些领域很快就理解到了跨学科合作的意义，紧接着第二句和第三句具体举例说明需要哪些学科的共同合作，第二句提到，确定气候变化的人为因素需要气象学家、海洋学家、地理学家和其他领域专家的通力协作，第三句提到更换喷雾器和冰箱中使用的消耗臭氧层的化学物质，需要化学家与产品设计师进行沟通。由此可知，第二句和第三句都是对段落首句观点——跨学科合作对于环境的重要意义——的支撑。选项[A]emphasize that joint effort is the pivot to sustainability“强调共同努力是实现可持续发展的关键”与第一句interdisciplinary work is essential to understanding environmental change，and to mitigating or adapting to its effects“跨学科工作对于理解环境变化以及减轻或适应环境变化的影响至关重要”为同义替换，故为正确答案。
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