首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In the early 1950s,historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1
In the early 1950s,historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1
admin
2010-06-30
27
问题
In the early 1950s,historians who studied pre-industrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the pre-industrial European population than the 2 or3 per cent who comprised the political and social elite’ the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the non-elite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt.
One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as" a point of entry into the mental world of the poor. "Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illustrated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roman law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.
The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study pre-industrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the re cords does yield some information about the non-elite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the non-elite. We also know that the number of indictments in pre-industrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the pre-industrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history Use of court records is to be preferred.
What does the word" shaky" mean in the last paragraph?
选项
A、Trembling.
B、Undependable.
C、Inaccurate.
D、Unsteady.
答案
C
解析
根据文章最后一段倒数第二句的后半句可知历史学家们很难对比工业化前这段时间内一个十年与下一个十年每一千人的犯罪率,因为犯罪案件的数量已知,但是人口总数的估算是“shaky”的,即“shaky”在本段中的意思是“不精确的、不准确的”。根据文意不能推测出A、B和D的意思。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/emnsFFFM
本试题收录于:
公共英语四级笔试题库公共英语(PETS)分类
0
公共英语四级笔试
公共英语(PETS)
相关试题推荐
England’sbinge-drinkinghabitisoneofthemostentrenchedinEurope—evenRomaninvaderswroteaboutitwithhorror.Manyfea
England’sbinge-drinkinghabitisoneofthemostentrenchedinEurope—evenRomaninvaderswroteaboutitwithhorror.Manyfea
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.Recently,however,bothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanm
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.Recently,however,bothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanm
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.Recently,however,bothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanm
Periodicallyinhistory,therecomeperiodsofgreattransitioninwhichworkchangesitsmeaning.Therewasatime,perhaps10,
What’stheaverageincreaseperyearofforeignstudentpopulationintheperiodbetween1985and1990intermsofpercentage?
随机试题
允许外国公使进驻北京的条约是()
流行性出血热病毒是
油性软膏基质中加入羊毛脂的作用是( )。
某男甲与某女乙2000年登记结婚,婚后两人的感情非常冷淡,无法一起共同生活。2004年1月,乙以感情破裂为由向法院请求离婚,法院支持其主张的理由可以包括:
十进制数140转换为十六进制数为()。
按投资作用不同,工程建设项目可分为生产性建设项目和非生产性建设项目两大类。下列项目中属于非生产性建设项目的是( )。
据某市交警部门公布的数据,在该市全市上个月发生的13000多起汽车交通事故中,只有10%是因为司机酒后驾驶造成的。由此可见,酒后驾驶的危险性并不像某些交通宣传中所说的那么大。“酒后驾驶,等于送死”只是危言耸听的夸张宣传而已。假定以上数据无误,那么
2008年以来,索马里附近海域先后发生累计逾120起的海盗劫船事件。海盗为何如此猖獗?甲乙丙丁四人有如下断定:甲:海盗猖獗的主因是被劫船只的船主通常都愿支付高额赎金。乙:如果海盗猖獗的主因是被劫船主愿支付高额赎金,那么肯定会助长海盗的气
Theearthiswitnessinganurbanrevolution,aspeopleworldwidecrowdintotownsandcities.In1800onlyfivepercentofthew
QueenMary’sReignI.HistoriceventsA.KingHenryVIIIplannedMary,his【T1】_______,tomarryhissonEdward.B.Hermothe
最新回复
(
0
)