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  3. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Questions 1-6 Reading Passage 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Questions 1-6 Reading Passage 1

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问题 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has seven sections, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for sections A and B and D-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Men getting better treatment than women in the job market
ii Men’s persistent authority over women
iii Variations in the amount women are paid
iv The extent of women’s work
v Low possibility of women to access to formal jobs
vi More women in the labour force
vii Young women gaining experience from work
viii The effects of competition and quotas on women’s incomes
ix Women’s benefit and lose from work opportunities
Example Answer
Section C v
1 Section A
2 Section B
3 Section D
4 Section E
5 Section F
6 Section G
A WOMEN’S WORK IS NEVER DONE
A More and more women are now joining the paid labour force worldwide. They represent the majority of the workforce in all the sectors which are expanding as a result of globalisation and trade liberalisation — the informal sector, including subcontracting; export processing or free trade zones; homeworking; and the ’flexible’, part-time, temporary, low-paid labour force. Even in countries which have low levels of women paid workers, such as the Arab countries, employment is rising.
In South-East Asia, women represent up to 80 per cent of the workforce in the export processing zones, working mainly in the labour-intensive textile, toy, shoe and electronic sectors. In Latin America and the Caribbean, 70 per cent of economically-active women are employed in services. Many women in South-East Asia are moving from manufacturing into services.
B Long excluded from many paid jobs and thus economically dependent on husbands or fathers, paid employment has undoubtedly brought economic and social gains to many women. For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies and proscriptions on women’s behaviour.
Any gains, however, should be seen in a wider context. Declining economic and social conditions throughout the world, in particular declining household incomes, have compelled many women to take any kind of paid work to meet their basic needs and those of their families. The jobs available to them are, in the main, insecure and low-paid with irregular hours, high levels of intensity, little protection from health and safety hazards and few opportunities for promotion.
C Women’s high participation in informal employment is partly due to the fact that many jobs in the formal economy are not open to them: they are actively excluded from certain kinds of work or lack access to education and training or have domestic commitments. The increase of women’s participation in the informal sector has been most marked in the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa where sharp economic decline and structural adjustment policies have reduced the official job market drastically.
D Job gains for some women have meant losses for others. Female employment in export production is increasing in Bangladesh, Vietnam and El Salvador, for instance, while women in South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong are faced with redundancies as the industries which have relied on their labour for three decades (textile, clothing, shoe and electronics) relocate elsewhere. (In South Korea, industries which tend to employ men — steel, petrochemicals, electricity, automobiles, shipbuilding, machinery — have received government subsidies to stay put.)
As domestic markets are opened up to international competition and quotas which restricted the quantity of imports from any one country are abandoned, cheap, subsidised foreign imports are threatening the livelihoods of many women, small producers and entrepreneurs in ’cottage industries’. In countries such as India and Bangladesh, for instance, more than 90 per cent of economically-active women work in the informal sector at jobs such as hand loom weaving.
E Far from escaping patriarchal control, the industrial setting invariably replicates it, the head of the factory taking the place of husband or father. To attract investors, some Asian countries such as Malaysia and Thailand emphasise the ’dexterity of the small hands of the Oriental women and traditional attitude of submission’. Women workers are particularly exposed to sexual harassment, a form of violence which reflects the subordination they have to submit to to be allowed to work. Complaints often lead to dismissal.
F In general, women are paid less than men are, and women’s jobs pay less than men’s jobs. On average, most women earn 50 to 80 per cent of men’s pay. But there are considerable variations. In Tanzania, which ranks first in the world for pay equality, women earn 92 per cent of what men earn; in Bangladesh, they earn 42 per cent. Women also have less job security and fewer opportunities for promotion. Higher status jobs, even in industries which employ mostly women, tend to be filled by men.
G In addition, women usually have to continue their unpaid domestic and caring work, such as of children, the sick and the elderly, which is often regarded as women’s ’natural’ and exclusive responsibility. Even when they have full-time jobs outside the home, women take care of most household tasks, particularly the preparation of meals, cleaning and childcare. When women become mothers, they often have no option other than to work part-time or accept home work.
选项
答案i
解析 Section F指出，总体上女性的薪酬会比男性低(pay less)且女性缺少工作保障和晋升机会，且较高职位通常由男性担任，故本段实际是在讲男女在职场上的待遇差异，i项符合。
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