2. 考研
  3. A. Gathering the information B. Cigarettes produced to match an image C. Changing attitudes allow new marketing tactics D. Backg

A. Gathering the information B. Cigarettes produced to match an image C. Changing attitudes allow new marketing tactics D. Backg

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问题 A. Gathering the information
B. Cigarettes produced to match an image
C. Changing attitudes allow new marketing tactics
D. Background to the research
E. A public uproar is avoided
F. The innovative move to written ads
G. A century of uninhibited smoking
    In 1992, the most recent year for which data are available, the US tobacco industry spent $5 billion on domestic marketing. That figure represents a huge increase from the approximate ￡250-million budget in 1971, when tobacco advertising was banned from television and radio. The current expenditure translates to about $75 for every adult smoker, or to $4,500 for every adolescent who became a smoker that year. This apparently high cost to attract a new smoker is very likely recouped over the average 25 years that this teen will smoke.
【D1】______
    In the first half of this century, leaders of the tobacco companies boasted that innovative mass-marketing strategies built the industry. Recently, however, the tobacco business has maintained that its advertising is geared to draw established smokers to particular brands. But public health advocates insist that such advertising plays a role in generating new demand, with adolescents being the primary target. To explore the issue, we examined several marketing campaigns undertaken over the years and correlated them with the ages smokers say they began their habit. We find that, historically, there is considerable evidence that such campaigns led to an increase in cigarette smoking among adolescents of the targeted group.
【D2】______
    National surveys collected the ages at which people started smoking. The 1955 Current Population Survey(CPS)was the first to query respondents for this information, although only summary data survive. Beginning in 1970, however, the National Health Interview Surveys(NHIS)included this question in some polls.
    Answers from all the surveys were combined to produce a sample of more than 165,000 individuals. Using a respondent’s age at the time of the survey and the reported age of initiation(age they started smoking), the year the person began smoking could be determined. Dividing the number of adolescents(defined as those 12 to 17 years old)who started smoking during a particular interval by the number who were "eligible" to begin at the start of the interval set the initiation rate for that group.
【D3】______
    Mass-marketing campaigns began as early as the 1880s, which boosted tobacco consumption sixfold by 1900. Much of the rise was attributed to a greater number of people smoking cigarettes, as opposed to using cigars, pipes, snuff or chewing tobacco. Marketing strategies included painted billboards and an extensive distribution of coupons, which a recipient could redeem for free cigarettes ... Some brands included soft-porn pictures of women in the packages. Such tactics inspired outcry from educational leaders concerned about their corrupting influence on teenage boys. Thirteen percent of the males surveyed in 1955 who reached adolescence between 1890 and 1910 commenced smoking by 18 years of age, compared with almost no females.
【D4】______
    The power of targeted advertising is more apparent if one considers the men born between 1890 and 1899. In 1912, when many of these men were teenagers, the R.J. Reynolds company launched the Camel brand of cigarettes with a revolutionary approach. ... Every city in the country was bombarded with print advertising. According to the 1955 CPS, initiation by age 18 for males in this group jumped to 21.6 percent, a two thirds increase over those born before 1890. The NHIS initiation rate also reflected this change. For adolescent males it went up from 2.9 percent between 1910 and 1912 to 4.9 percent between 1918 and 1921.
【D5】______
    It was not until the mid-1920s that social mores permitted cigarette advertising to focus on women ... In 1926 a poster depicted women imploring smokers of Chesterfield cigarettes to "Blow Some My Way". The most successful crusade, however, was for Lucky Strikes, which urged women to "Reach for a Lucky instead of a Sweet". The 1955 CPS data showed that 7 percent of the women who were adolescents during the mid-1920s had started smoking by age 18, compared with only 2 percent in the preceding generation of female adolescents. Initiation rates from the NHIS data for adolescent girls were observed to increase threefold, from 0.6 percent between 1922 and 1925 to 1.8 percent between 1930 and 1933. In contrast, rates for males rose only slightly.
【D4】
选项
答案F
解析 本段介绍了一种革命性的方法(a revolutionary approach)，即印刷广告的出现。命题者把revolutionary替换成为innovative，print advertising改写为“written ads”。
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