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  3. Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "

Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "

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问题     Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives": aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.
    The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. "What I was seeing," he says, "was the urge to do stuff. " Panksepp called this seeking.
    To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. "Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects," says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. " Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the "seeking" emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.
    Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. "Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes," says Panksepp. "Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. " Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.
It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories
选项 A、have long been discredited.
B、provide good guide for further research.
C、are placed in the same category.
D、are concerned about human being.
答案B
解析 从文中可以推断出，弗洛伊德和达尔文的相似之处在于他们的理论[A]长期以来为人们所怀疑。[B]为未来的研究提供了良好的指导。[C]被归于同一种类。[D]都是关于人类的理论。根据文章最后一段，潘塞普说：“弗洛伊德应该与生活在基因发现之前的达尔文相提并论。弗洛伊德为我们提供了一幅关于大脑器官的图像。我们需要谈论它，发展它，验证它。”这就是说，弗洛伊德的理论虽然不完善，但它为以后的研究提供了指导；而达尔文虽然生活在基因发现之前，但他的理论对于基因研究也提供了先导性的作用。所以两者在这方面是相同的，可推知[B]是正确答案。
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