首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pag
READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pag
admin
2009-05-13
29
问题
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A
’Hypotheses,’ said Medawar in 1964, ’are imaginative and inspirational in character’; they are ’adventures of the mind’. He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1972, 3rd edition) that the nature of scientific method is hypothetico-deductive and not, as is generally believed, inductive.
B
It is essential that you, as an intending researcher, understand the difference between these two interpretations of the research process so that you do not become discouraged or begin to suffer from a feeling of ’cheating’ or not going about it the right way.
C
The myth of scientific method is that it is inductive: that the formulation of scientific theory starts with the basic, raw evidence of the senses - simple, unbiased, unprejudiced observation. Out of these sensory data - commonly referred to as ’facts’ - generalisations will form. The myth is that from a disorderly array of factual information an orderly, relevant theory will somehow emerge. However, the starting point of induction is an impossible one.
D
There is no such thing as an unbiased observation. Every act of observation we make is a function of what we have seen or otherwise experienced in the past. All scientific work of an experimental or exploratory nature starts with some expectation about the outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis. Hypotheses provide the initiative and incentive for the inquiry and influence the method. It is in the light of an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant, that one methodology is chosen and others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and others are not. Where is your naive, pure and objective researcher now?
E
Hypotheses arise by guesswork, or by inspiration, but having been formulated they can and must be tested rigorously, using the appropriate methodology. If the predictions you make as a result of deducing certain consequences from your hypothesis are not shown to be correct then you discard or modify your hypothesis. If the predictionsturn out to be correct then your hypothesis has been supported and may be retained until such time as some further test shows it not to be correct. Once you have arrived at your hypothesis, which is a product of your imagination, you then proceed to a strictly logical and rigorous process, based upon deductive argument - hence the term ’hypothetico-deductive’.
F
So don’t worry if you have some idea of what your results will tell you before you even begin to collect data; there are no scientists in existence who really wait until they have all the evidence in front of them before they try to work out what it might possibly mean. The closest we ever get to this situation is when something happens by accident; but even then the researcher has to formulate a hypothesis to be tested before being sure that, for example, a mould might prove to be a successful antidote to bacterial infection.
G
The myth of scientific method is not only that it is inductive (which we have seen is incorrect) but also that the hypothetico-deductive method proceeds in a step-by-step, inevitable fashion. The hypothetico- deductive method describes the logical approach to much research work, but it does not describe the psychological behaviour that brings it about. This is much more holistic - involving guesses, reworkings, corrections, blind alleys and above all inspiration, in the deductive as well as the hypothetic component- than is immediately apparent from reading the final thesis or published papers. These have been, quite properly, organised into a more serial, logical order so that the worth of the output may be evaluated independently of the behavioural processes by which it was obtained. It is the difference, for example between the academic papers with which Crick and Watson demonstrated the structure of the DNA molecule and the fascinating book The Double Helix in which Watson (1968) described how they did it. From this point of view, ’scientific method’ may more usefully be thought of as a way of writing up research rather than as a way of carrying it out.
选项
答案
Ⅳ
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/X1LYFFFM
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Byronpossessedpowersofobservationthatwouldhavemadehimagreatanthropologistandthatmakeshislettersasagroupthe
Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?Utraniawasformerlyamajorpetroleumexporter,butinrecentdec
Akeydecisionrequiredofadvertisingmanagersiswhethera"hard-sell"or"soft-sell"strategyisappropriateforaspecifict
Akeydecisionrequiredofadvertisingmanagersiswhethera"hard-sell"or"soft-sell"strategyisappropriateforaspecifict
Inadditiontoconventionalgalaxies,theuniversecontainsverydimgalaxiesthatuntilrecentlywentunnoticedbyastronomers.
Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletesthepassage?AbusinessanalysisoftheAppenianrailroadsystemdivideditslon
Cityresident:Thesenewdigitalelectronicbillboardsshouldbebannedforlightpollutionsincetheyaremuchtoobright.Out
Thefollowingappearedinamemofromavicepresidentofalarge,highlydiversifiedcompany."Tenyearsagoourcompanyhadtw
Thefollowingappearedasarecommendationbyacommitteeplanningaten-yearbudgetforthecityofCalatrava."Thebirthratei
Thebuyerofacertainmechanicaltoymustchoose2of4optionalmotionsand4of5optionalaccessories.Howmanydifferentco
随机试题
A.肝素B.枸橼酸钠C.EDTA-K2D.草酸铵E.双草酸盐适用于红细胞沉降率测定的抗凝剂为
患者,男性,46岁,口底多间隙感染,肿胀明显,可及捻发音及波动感,主诉呼吸困难,下列处理正确的是
已知杆AB和杆CD的自重不计,且在C处光滑接触,若作用在杆AB上的力偶的矩为m1,则欲使系统保持平衡,作用在CD杆上的力偶矩m2,转向如图4-16所示,其矩的大小为()。
根据破产法律制度规定,在破产财产优先拨付破产费用后首先予以清偿的是( )。
海关规定过境货物的过境期限为(),因特殊原因,可申请延期,经海关同意后可延期()。
教育民主化向纵深发展的主要表现在()。
前滚翻动作要点是支撑、蹬伸、低头、提臀、()。
下面哪类儿童适合家庭寄养照顾模式?()
VBA中用实际参数m和n调用过程f(a,b)的正确形式是()。
A、Theyarenotseriousones.B、Theyarecommittedbyyoungpeople.C、Theyarethemostcommonformofcrimesinthearea.D、The
最新回复
(
0
)