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  3. Once I formed an opinion on a subject, it became a belief, subject to a host of cognitive biases to ensure its trueness. Am I be

Once I formed an opinion on a subject, it became a belief, subject to a host of cognitive biases to ensure its trueness. Am I be

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问题     Once I formed an opinion on a subject, it became a belief, subject to a host of cognitive biases to ensure its trueness. Am I being irrational? Possibly. In fact, this is how most belief systems work for most of us most of the time.
    We form our beliefs for a variety of subjective, emotional and psychological reasons in the context of environments created by family, friends, culture and society at large. After forming our beliefs, we then defend, justify and rationalize them with a host of intellectual reasons, persuasive arguments and rational explanations. Beliefs come first; explanations for beliefs follow. 1 call this process, wherein our perceptions about reality are dependent on the beliefs that we hold about it, belief-dependent realism. Reality exists independent of human minds, but our understanding of it depends on the beliefs we hold at any given time.
    I patterned belief-dependent realism after model-dependent realism, presented by physicists Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow in their book The Grand Design. There they argue that because no one model is adequate to explain reality, "one cannot be said to be more real than the other. " When these models are coupled to theories, they form entire worldviews.
    Once we form beliefs and make commitments to them, we maintain and reinforce them through a number of powerful cognitive biases that distort our percepts to fit belief concepts. On the top of all these biases, there is the in-group bias, in which we place more value on the beliefs of those whom we perceive to be fellow members of our group and less on the beliefs of those from different groups. This is a result of our evolved tribal brains leading us not only to place such value judgment on beliefs but also to dismiss them as nonsense or evil, or both.
    Belief-dependent realism is driven even deeper by a meta-bias called the bias blind spot, or the tendency to recognize the power of cognitive biases in other people but to be blind to their influence on our own beliefs. Even scientists are not immune, subject to experimenter-expectation bias, or the tendency for observers to select and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment and to disbelieve data that do not.
    This dependency on belief and its host of psychological biases is why, in science, we have built-in self-correcting machinery. Strict double-blind controls are required, in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know the conditions during data collection. Collaboration with colleagues is vital. Results are vetted at conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. Research is replicated in other laboratories. Dis-confirming evidence and contradictory interpretations of data are included in the analysis. If you don’t seek data and arguments against your theory, someone else will, usually with great glee and in a public forum. This is why skepticism is a sine qua non of science, the only escape we have from the belief-dependent realism trap created by our believing brains.
We tend to accept beliefs that______.
选项 A、are consistent with our cultural values
B、strike us as foreign and novel
C、come from our own work groups
D、are powerful but biased
答案A
解析 第四段指出，我们对自己信念的坚持会被“组内偏见(in-group bias)”进一步强化，并说明这一概念的含义：我们看重自己组内成员的观念，轻视他组成员的观念。末句进一步指出，我们进化形成的部落意识使我们生成了这样的价值判断。可见，我们容易接受的是那些和自身价值观一致的观念。[A]选项正确。
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