2. 考研
  3. In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G

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问题 In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.
    Many animal species are "cultural" in the sense that individuals acquire important behaviors and skills from groupmates via social learning. Thus, whales socially learn some hunting techniques from others, capuchin monkeys socially learn some grooming-type behaviors from others, and chimpanzees acquire the use of some tools by observing the tool-use activities of others in their social group.
    But human culture is clearly different. Nonhuman primate(and other animal)culture is essentially individualistic, or maybe even exploitative. 【R1】______.
    In contrast, human culture and cultural transmission are fundamentally cooperative. Synchronically, humans engage in much more cooperative behavior in terms of such things as collaborative problem solving and cooperative communication. Moreover, human individuals live in a world in which the group expects them to conform to its particular conventions and social norms or else! 【R2】______.
    Diachronically, this cooperative way of living translates into established members of the group teaching things to youngsters, who not only learn but actively conform. 【R3】______. The result is human handicrafts and symbol systems with "histories," so-called cumulative cultural evolution.
    Underlying humans’ uniquely cooperative lifeways and modes of cultural transmission are a set of species-unique social-cognitive processes, which we may refer to collectively as skills and motivations for shared intentionality. 【R4】______. Skills and motivations of shared intentionality arose as part of a coevolutionary process in which humans evolved species-unique ways of operating, indeed cooperating, within their own self-built cultural worlds.
    It must be emphasized that the evolutionary dimension of culture highlighted here is clearly only one aspect of the process. 【R5】______. Human cognitive and motivational adaptations for culture are simply psychological enabling conditions for the generation and maintenance of the specific cultural handicrafts and practices created by specific cultural groups — which, by all appearances, are endlessly creative.
[A]Teaching and conformity are main contributors to the stability of cultural practices in a group and precisely because of this stability — to the unique ways in which human cultural practices develop in complexity over historical time.
[B]That is to say, when a chimpanzee individual observes another using a tool and then learns something that facilitates her own use, she is simply gathering information that is useful to her - much as she might gather information from the inanimate world. The one being observed may not even know that the observer is gathering information from her actions.
[C]Moreover, in experimental studies using, for example, the ultimatum game, humans in all cultures show some kinds of social norms in distributing resources, whereas chimpanzees in an ultimatum game behave in an almost totally self-centered manner.
[D]The result is a society structured by cooperatively created and enforced conventions and norms for how to behave as one of "us", resulting ultimately in rule-governed social institutions.
[E]The specific cultural practices and products generated by individuals interacting with one another in cultural groups - everything from specific linguistic constructions to techniques for building kayaks or skyscrapers — can in no way be reduced to biology.
[F]The ultimate outcome of social norms in human groups is the creation of social institutions, whose existence is constituted by the collective agreement of all group members that things should be done in a particular way.
[G]These involve such things as the ability and motivation to form shared goals and intentions with others in collaborative activities, and the ability and motivation to share experience with others via joint attention, cooperative communication, and teaching.
【R2】
选项
答案D
解析 第三段首句指出，人类文化在本质上是合作性的，随即对这一观点展开具体阐述。空格上文从“横向角度(Synchronically)”进行分析，空格下文(第四段)从“纵向角度(Diachroni—cally)”展开分析。空格处于第三段末，应该与其上文保持一致，继续从“横向角度”分析人类文化的合作性特点。[D]选项承接上文(人类参与合作性活动，集体也要求成员们遵守特定惯例和社会规范)指出，其结果是形成了一个由社会成员共同制定并强制执行的一系列惯例和规范构成的社会。其中，cooper—atively created and enforced conventions and norms是对上文cooperative behavior以及expects them to conform to its particular conventions and social norms的高度概括。另外，[D]选项入选后在结构上与第四段末句形成对应，都以the result is…结尾。[F]选项有干扰，也出现了空格上文的关键信息“社会规范(social norms)”和“集体认同(collective agreement)”。但空格上文提到了两个关键词“特定惯例(particular conventions)”、“社会规范(social norms)”，而该选项只提到了其中一个“社会规范(social norms)”，不够全面，故予以排除。
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