首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a group are more successful in the educational system
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a group are more successful in the educational system
admin
2012-05-18
36
问题
Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a group are more successful in the educational system than working class children. More of the former, for example, reach college. Professor Basil Bernstein of the University of London has argued that there is a link between social class and educational failure and that this link is language. In a series of papers published from 1958 to 1973 Bernstein has developed a theory of the "Structure and process of cultural transmission," or socialization, part of which may be summarized as follows.
One characteristic of many (but not all) working class families is that the status of different members of the family is clearly defined; the authority of the father, for instance, derives from the fact that he is the father. This type of family Bernstein calls positional, and he contrasts it with the person-centered family type, more common (although not omnipresent) in the middle classes. In the latter, status, authority and interpersonal relationships are "Negotiated" according to the unique characteristics of each family member. This negotiation, or lack of it, is reflected linguistically. The following conversation might take place in a positional family:
Child: Can I have an ice cream?
Mother: No.
Child: Why not?
Mother: Because I said so.
In order to justify her refusal of the child’s request, the mother resorts to her authority as mother.
The equivalent exchange in a "person-centered" family might go like this:
Child: Can I have an ice cream?
Mother: No.
Child: Why not?
Mother: Because if you have an ice cream now, you won’t want your lunch later on.
This time an attempt is made to justify the decision in logical terms. In both cases a "reason" is given for denying the ice cream, but the "rational" nature of the explanation given by the second mother leads her to the explicit expression of a statement of condition — "If you have an ice cream now"— and result— "you won’t want your lunch later on."
Now Bernstein is not saying that middle class parents are more rational or articulate or intelligent than working class parents. He notes, however, that if this sort of difference distinguishes a large proportion of the conversations these two children hear in their childhood, then it is reasonable to expect the middle class child to enter school, at age five or six, with the ability to understand and produce a more varied linguistic repertoire, a more "elaborated code" than his working class school friend. The latter may be just as intelligent, but he will probably possess a more "restricted" linguistic code.
Bernstein also recognizes that not all middle class parents’ interactions with their children will be like the (imaginary) example quoted, nor all working class parents’ conversations with their children like the second (imaginary) example. He argues that the middle class child, however, is more likely to reach school age with mastery of both codes, restricted and elaborated. Many (but not all) working class children, on the other hand, will possess the "restricted code" only. This may be just as rich and powerful linguistically, just as complex, just as adequate as a means of expression, but it is not the language of the (often middle class) teacher, of books, of schools, or, more generally, of educational success.
There are several problems with Bernstein’s theory, even in its complete form. In common with other critics, Labov has noted the vagueness of the notion of "code" and, with another population, shown how differences in the speech elicited from working class and middle class subjects are sometimes the product of the elicitation procedures themselves. Rosen has attacked what he sees as the confused political definitions of several of Bernstein’s central concepts, including social class, and the lack of linguistic data with which to support his theoretical claims. Trudgill suggests that the linguistic differences found by Bernstein and his associates (such as more of less frequent use of prepositions, impersonal pronouns, varied adjectives and adverbs, and passives) do not reflect two linguistic codes but simply differences in style.
The difference between middle class and working class children in educational achievements results from their______.
选项
A、background
B、language use
C、status
D、intelligence
答案
B
解析
细节题。在第一段中提到there is a link between social class and educational failure and that this link is language.明确指出educational achievements或者说educational failure的关键在于语言,所以选B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/TtjYFFFM
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
外来移民难道真的是欧洲社会难以摆脱的失业和高犯罪率的罪魁祸首吗?今天的欧洲或许算是一方乐土,吸引着非洲、亚洲、南美洲的许多年轻人背井离乡到这里来谋生求发展。更重要的是,西欧今天已经离不开移民。移民的到来对欧洲的经济社会发展,甚至改善欧洲人口年龄结构,起着不
A、Peopleevacuatedfromtheirhomescanreturnnow.B、Floodwatersarcrecedinginallpartsoftheuppermid-westernUnitedSta
Thatmanisanaggressivecreaturewillhardlybedisputed.Withtheexceptionofcertainrodents,noothervertebratehabituall
A、Traineesarerequiredtosigncontractsinitially.B、Trainees’performanceisevaluatedwhennecessary.C、Trainees’startings
WhichofthefollowingworktellshowSatanrebelledagainstGodandhowAdamandEveweredrivenoutofEden?
Aspeopleage,theircellsbecomelessefficientandlessablereplacedamagedcomponents.Atthesametimetheirtissuesstiffe
Abouthalfoftheinfantandmaternaldeathsindevelopingcountriescouldbeavoidedifwomenhad【M1】______usedfamilyplannin
Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoom
Themagnetfortourists,thesymbolofthecity,Manhattanisprobablythemostdeceptiveoftheboroughstooutsiderswhogener
______referstothephenomenonthatwordsofdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.
随机试题
Theywerereducedto________thefactthattheyhadlostthegame.
化脓性脊椎炎的好发部位是
宫颈癌Ⅲ期,肿瘤的MRI表现正确的是
以下哪项不是小叶性肺炎常见的并发症()
有下列哪一种情形的属于劣药
摩尔有房屋一套,租给伊来客居住,约定的租赁期限是4年。在第3年的时候,摩尔不幸去世,接着,伊来客也不幸死亡。该租赁房屋由摩尔之子摩里波继承,其要解除租赁合同,收回房屋,而先前与伊来客一起居住的妻子哈蓓丝不愿意,那么下列说法正确的是______。
(),是指债权人对已占有的债务人的动产,在债权未能如期获得清偿前,留置该动产作为担保以实现债权的权利。
案例:下面为一道物理习题和某同学的解答。题目:在如图9所示的实验电路中,R1=10Ω,R2的最大电阻值为30Ω,电源电压为8V(电源内阻不计),求:(1)滑动变阻器R2接入电路的电阻为零时,闭合开关,电阻R1消耗的电
给定程序中,函数fun的功能是将带头结点的单向链表逆置,即若原链表中从头至尾结点数据域依次为2、4、6、8、10,逆置后,从头至尾结点数据域依次为10、8、6、4、2。请在程序的下画线处填入正确的内容并把下画线删除,使程序得出正确的结果。
Educatortodayaremoreandmoreoften【C1】______tosaythatcomputerliteracyisabsolutelynecessaryforcollegestudents.Man
最新回复
(
0
)