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  3. Polygraphs, or "lie detectors", are used widely in America, including on sex offenders, but in Britain many remain skeptical. Po

Polygraphs, or "lie detectors", are used widely in America, including on sex offenders, but in Britain many remain skeptical. Po

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问题     Polygraphs, or "lie detectors", are used widely in America, including on sex offenders, but in Britain many remain skeptical. Polygraphs do not detect lies. They measure changes in physiology, such as breathing rate, sweating and blood pressure. Telling lies is often stressful and can prompt jumps in the readings. But other things—fear, embarrassment, worries about being wrongfully accused—can do the same. Enthusiasts say that polygraphs accurately detect lies 80 - 90% of the time. The British Psychological Society cites studies showing similar figures but cautions that problems in the research mean that the real rate is probably much lower. And "false positive" rates(defining a truthful person a liar)can be as high as 47% .
    Boosters of the government’s scheme say the point is that using polygraphs encourages sex offenders to reveal more information, before, during and after the test. In a 2010 -2011 pilot study offenders who took polygraph tests made more than twice as many "clinically significant exposures" — information that could prompt changes in the way they are managed—as those that did not. Many said they would not have done so without undergoing the test. Jane Wood, a psychologist at the University of Kent who co-authored the report on the pilot, says that some offenders found the tests helpful as way to convince their families they were being honest about their behaviour. Others said that the discussions prompted when they failed the test helped them better to understand the conditions of their license.
    Polygraph tests do not stand on their own, argues Don Grubin, a professor of psychiatry at Newcastle University: they should be one of a number of tools used to assess offenders. Nonetheless some remain uneasy. Those using the tests may become contented, worries Anne McAlinden of Queen’s University, Belfast, and give them excessive weight. In the government’s study, the more tests offenders took, the fewer lies were labeled. That might indicate that they became more truthful, or it might suggest that they were getting better at gaming the test.
According to Professor Don Grubin, in offense assessment polygraph tests______.
选项 A、should be used together with other tools
B、can be taken as an independent evidence
C、could be the most effective tool to reach facts
D、would make offenders more truthful
答案A
解析 事实细节题。本题考查唐·格鲁宾教授对测谎仪测试的看法。由定位句可知，格鲁宾教授认为测谎仪测试不能独立存在，而只能作为评估罪犯的众多工具中的一种，因此A)“应该与其他工具结合使用”，符合原文意思，故为答案。B)“可以被当作独立的证据”与定位句意思相反，故排除；C)“可能是接近事实的最有效工具”和D)“可以使罪犯变得更诚实”，原文中均未提及，故均排除。
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