首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Organic Architecture" One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was
"Organic Architecture" One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was
admin
2012-01-14
21
问题
"Organic Architecture"
One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago, where he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create "architecture of democracy." Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as "natural" and "organic," Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a "free" space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the principle of continuity as fundamental to understanding his view of organic unity: "Classic architecture was all fixation ....Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component parts of each other? ... This ideal, profound in its architectural implications... I called... continuity."
Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his fabric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture.
→ Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in Robie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a "prairie house." Wright
conceived
the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the Midwest’s great flatlands.
Abandoning
all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the "wandering" plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central fireplace.A (He believed strongly in the hearth’s age-old domestic significance.) Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-in-motion inside and out.B He set masses and voids in equilibrium; the flow of interior space determined the exterior wall placement. C The exterior’s sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, matching the complex play of interior solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent in role to the design’s spaces.D
The Robie House is a good example of Wright’s "naturalism,"
his adjusting
of a building to its site. However, in this particular case, the confines of the city lot constrained the building-to-site relationship more than did the sites of some of Wright’s more expansive suburban and country homes. The Kaufmann House, nicknamed "Fallingwater" and designed as a weekend retreat at Bear Run near Pittsburgh, is a
prime
example of the latter. Perched on a rocky hillside over a small waterfall, this structure extends the Robie House’s blocky masses in all four directions. The contrast in textures between concrete, painted metal, and natural stones in its walls enliven its shapes, as does Wright’s use of full-length strip windows to create a stunning interweaving of interior and exterior space.
→ The implied message of Wright’s new architecture was space, not mass—a space designed to fit the patron’s life and enclosed and divided as required. Wright took special pains to meet his client’s requirements, often designing all the accessories of a house. In the late 1930s, he acted on a cherished dream to provide good architectural design for less prosperous people by adapting the ideas of his prairie house to plans for smaller, less expensive dwellings. The publication of Wright’s plans brought him a measure of fame in Europe, especially in Holland and Germany. The issuance in Berlin in 1910 of a portfolio of his work and an exhibition of his designs the following year stimulated younger architects to adopt some of his ideas about open plans. Some forty years before his career ended, his work was already of revolutionary significance.
The word conceived in the passage is closest in meaning to
选项
A、utilized
B、noticed
C、created
D、examined
答案
C
解析
In this passage, created is a synonym for "conceived." Context comes from the word "designed" in the previous sentence.
转载请注明原文地址:https://jikaoti.com/ti/SGlYFFFM
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-E,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.
Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes24-26on
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.BookReviewTheHappinessIndu
Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes21-26onyourans
Completethesummary.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Instrumentssimilartotheguitarhavebee
Theprofessorsaysthatsuperhighways______.Thestudentthinkspeople______.
TheTawnyOwlMost【L31】________owlspeciesinUKStronglynocturnalHabitatMainlylivesin【L32】________,butcanalsobeseeni
TheTawnyOwlMost【L31】________owlspeciesinUKStronglynocturnalHabitatMainlylivesin【L32】________,butcanalsobeseeni
(With)thediscovery(ofgold)intheKlondikeinCanada’sYukonTerritoryin1896,people(flockedsoon)therefrom(allparts)
"TheHeredityVersusEnvironmentDebate"P1Thepastcenturyhasseenheatedcontroversyaboutwhetherintelligence,whichre
随机试题
一棵二叉树的前序遍历序列为ABCDEFG,它的中序遍历序列可能是()。
患者,男,18岁。自幼多个牙齿着色深暗,无其他不适,要求诊治。如检查患者发现全口除第三磨牙外多数牙表面呈白垩色或褐色斑块,界限不清,呈云雾状。最应考虑的诊断是
预防HBeAg阳性母亲所生的新生儿HBV感染最有效的措施是()
(2017年)律师事务所应当建立健全执业管理和各项内部管理制度,履行监管职责,规范本所律师执业行为。根据《律师事务所管理办法》,某律师事务所下列哪一做法是正确的?()
在房地产市场调查中,次级资料的特点有()。
财政机关对甲有限责任公司2013年度财务工作进行检查,但甲公司领导以“财务部门负责人出差”为由予以拒绝,后经多方协调,财政机关对该公司进行了检查,检查时,发现如下问题:(1)3月15日,公司从外地购买了一批货物,收到发票后,经办人员乔某发现发票金额与实际
英国教育家洛克的“白板说妇体现了人身心发展动因理论的()。
农民专业合作社的成员中,农民至少应当占成员总数的()。
微型计算机的硬件系统中最核心的部件是____________。
Duringthe1992presidentialcampaign,HillaryRodhamClintonobserved,"Ourlivesareamixtureofdifferentroles.Mostofus
最新回复
(
0
)