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  3. The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop Rather Than Inborn Heredity

The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop Rather Than Inborn Heredity

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问题      The Person’s Achievement Is Mostly Decided by the Day After Tomorrow Develop
                    Rather Than Inborn Heredity
    If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
    What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
    Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in "none of the above". Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20," Ericsson recalls. "He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers."
    This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person " encodes " the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
    Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion, the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers— whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.
The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to______.
选项 A、stress the importance of professional training
B、spotlight the soccer superstars of the World Cup
C、introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
D、explain why some soccer teams play better than others
答案C
解析 篇章结构题。题干问文章第一段提出的现象的目的。这是对文章结构层次及逻辑关系的设题。浏览后面的内容可知，埃里克森和他的同事们致力于研究不同领域的技艺精湛的从业者取得成就的原因，并在末段给出答案。因此可以判断首段提到的怪现象是用来引出主题，故C正确。文章前两段是个引子，引人了“专业领域的出色表现是否是天生的”这样一个话题。作者在第一段主要描述了一个值得注意的奇怪现象：出色的足球运动员生日集中在一年中的头几个月。接着作者在第二段介绍了产生这种现象的几种猜测：星座、氧容量大小、父母孕育子女的时间。文中强调职业训练的重要性是通过第三段中一个训练人记忆数字的例子来展现的，足球运动员生日的怪现象只是用来引出下文的话题：什么造就了出色的表现，故A属于张冠李戴。B、D两项是对首段提到现象的曲解，没有结合全文的逻辑关系，故排除。
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