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  3. Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present

Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present

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问题     Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that has had a major impact on American culture from the late 19th century to the present. Pragmatism calls【C1】______ideas and theories to be tested in practice, by【C2】______whether acting upon the idea or theory produces desirable or undesirable results.
    The ideas of the pragmatists were considered【C3】______when they first appeared. To some critics, pragmatism’ s【C4】______to affirm any absolute standards carried negative implications for society. 【C5】______, pragmatists do not believe that a single absolute idea of goodness or justice exists, but【C6】______that these concepts are changeable and depend on the【C7】______in which they are being discussed. The【C8】______of these absolutes, critics feared, could result in a(n) 【C9】______in moral standards. The pragmatists’ denial of absolutes, 【C10】______, challenged the foundations of religion, government, and schools of thought. 【C11】______, pragmatism influenced developments in psychology, sociology, and many other schools and movements. 【C12】______political groups have also drawn【C13】______the assumptions of pragmatism, from the progressive movements of the early 20th century to later experiments in social reform.
    Pragmatism is best【C14】______in its historical and cultural context. It arose during the late 19th century, a period of rapid scientific advancement【C15】______by the theories of British biologist Charles Darwin, whose theories【C16】______to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a【C17】______state of progress. During this same period, a decline in【C18】______religious beliefs and values accompanied the industrialization and material progress of the time. In【C19】______, it became necessary to rethink【C20】______ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality.
【C8】
选项 A、subject
B、defect
C、existence
D、absence
答案D
解析 subject物体，主语；defect缺陷；existence存在；absence不存在，缺席。由前文“pragmatists do not believe that a single absolute idea of goodness or justice exists”可知，实用主义者认为，不存在一个绝对的善良或正义的标准。由此可推知，批评者担心的是有可能导致道德标准下降的原因正是实用主义者对绝对的善良或正义标准存在的否定，即不存在这些绝对，故选D。
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