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  3. The list of famous companies founded during economic downturns is long and varied．A2009 study found that over half of Fortune 50

The list of famous companies founded during economic downturns is long and varied．A2009 study found that over half of Fortune 50

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问题   The list of famous companies founded during economic downturns is long and varied．A2009 study found that over half of Fortune 500 companies got their start during a downturn or a bear market．A recession，it seems，may not be an entirely bad time to start a company．Indeed，busts(and booms)cast a longer shadow on the business landscape than is commonly realised，because they influence both the rate of business formation and how existing firms are run．
    Some argue that recessions speed up the process of economic restructuring——what Joseph Schumpeter called“creative destruction”．The destruction part is easy to see：downturns kill businesses，leaving boarded-up windows on the high street as their gravestones．But recessions may also spur the creation of new businesses．
    When people suddenly have less money to spend，clever entrepreneurs may see an opportunity to set up businesses that give them what they want more cheaply or efficiently．Downturns may also swell the ranks of potential firm creators，because many who might otherwise have sought a stable salary will reinvent themselves as entrepreneurs．
    Tough times do not suddenly prompt everyone to start a business．The vast majority of people who reach working age during a downturn still look for a job．But research also suggests that recessions have lasting effects on how executives manage businesses．Antoinette Schoar and Luo Zuo of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that those who began their management careers during a bust were substantially more risk-averse，took on less debt and generally were more conservative managers than the rest of the sample，even many decades later．That will strike critics of the over-leveraged company as thoroughly good news，but it is hard to say whether this effect is entirely benign．
    Bosses whose careers began in a recession also tend to be so concerned about cost—effectiveness that the companies they go on to run spend less on research and development．They may thus be too conservative：firms with bosses whose professional baptism came in a weak economy have lower returns on assets than those run by other managers．Why should this be? One plausible explanation is
that recessions affect the way people take decisions．
  Whether they were set up during a boom or a bust，today’s firms are deeply affected by the economic fluctuations of the past．
The main idea of this text could be__________．
选项 A、the influence of recessions on new businesses
B、the influence of recessions on existing firms
C、the influence of recessions on entrepreneurs and managers
D、the influence of recessions on creation and destruction
答案C
解析 主旨题。此题考查全文主旨，需要结合全文，尤其是重点考虑首尾两段。文章首段最后一句说萧条(和繁荣)既影响新企业的成立速度又影响现有企业的运营状况；第二、三段讲经济衰退如何刺激新企业的诞生；第四、五段则讲述经济衰退对管理者的管理方式的影响，即如何影响现有企业运营状况。最后一段再次总结：不管创建于经济繁荣时期还是衰退时期，今天的公司都深深地受到过去经济波动的影响。可见全文是总分总结构，主旨是经济衰退的影响，且影响设计两方面：新企业与现有企业。C项entrepreneurs and managers就代表了新企业与现有企业，因此是正确选项。A、B两项都涉及一个方面。D项“创造与破坏”，含义是“创造新企业，并使一些企业倒闭”，而文中是强调经济衰退通过管理方式对现有企业的影响，因此不适合。故本题选C。
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