2. 外语
  3. "Intelligence" at best is an assumptive construct--the meaning of the word has never been clear. 【61】There is more agreement on

"Intelligence" at best is an assumptive construct--the meaning of the word has never been clear. 【61】There is more agreement on

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问题      "Intelligence" at best is an assumptive construct--the meaning of the word has never been clear. 【61】There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to-it was not designed for such purposes. 【62】To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
     The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair.
     【63】 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one’s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. 【64】 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the little child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require" general intelligence". 【65】On the whole such a conclusion can be draw with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possess.
【65】
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答案总的来说，得出这样的结论是有一定程度的把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：首先，我们能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另．一个孩子的态度相同；其次，他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
解析 本句是由but连接的并列复合句，but后面又有两个由only if引导的并列条件句，它们是第一个分句内容成立的两个必须具备的条件。两个由only if引导的并列条件句中各含有一个定语从句。根据汉语表达的习惯，在两个条件句前加上“必须具备两个条件”，再分别列出两个条件，这样译文显得层次分明。本句的难点首先在于理清句子的结构，其次是被动语态的翻译，除了最后一个was not punished可以译成汉语的被动语态外，其他几个都按汉语的表达习惯译成主动语态。另外，句中的confidence原意是“信心”，在此引申为“有把握”；punished原意是“惩罚”，在此根据上下文引申为“被扣分”。
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